About "ambition"
As early as the early days of Buddhism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, as a translation of the Sanskrit Manda, the word "enlightening" occasionally appeared in some scriptures; However, since the mature period of translation represented by Sanzang in Tang Dynasty, it has been widely spread in Chinese society. The basic meaning of "e" in Chinese Buddhist scriptures is "Jing" and "Jing"; It can be used as a noun or adjective, and it has many uses.
Another meaning of "treatment", as a medicine, appeared earlier in many ancient books in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. For example, the ninetieth article of Biography of Wei Shu compiled by Wei Shou, the minister of Northern Qi Dynasty, said to people who are "like Yue Guo": "Cut your hair, apply it on your body, cool and shiny, rinse it three times a day, and then eat it." "Yue Guo" people pay special attention to the cleaning of hair and use it for hairdressing.
History of the North (Volume 55) and Biography of Murong Shaozong (Biography of Murong Shaozong) record that Murong Sanzang, the son of Shaozong, "has rich livestock and many sacrifices."
China's first pharmaceutical book, The Theory of Leigong Baking, said, "Quirrell is the milk of cheese. Everything used for heavy cotton filtration should be cooked in bronze for three or two times. " It is estimated that although this book was compiled by later generations in the late Tang Dynasty or early Song Dynasty [6], the recorded content obviously belongs to the era of "Three Kingdoms and Two Jin Dynasties".
The data show that the appearance of fermented milk fat should not be later than the "Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties"; As a spoken language, it may be earlier, and it is very likely that it is transliteration of foreign words; Compared with Qi Qi, sake appeared at least hundreds of years later.
Cheese was originally the food of Ren Hu. Because Hu Feng was particularly popular in the Tang Dynasty, including Hu Dance, Zhang Hu, Hu Nv and Hu Shi, it was a bit like today's Italian "pizza" entering our country. Therefore, fermented milk fat, which means fermented milk fat, is not only a translated name, but also a transliteration noun, which is popular in the fashionable upper class of Tang Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty, there are other materials to prove it:
The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty said that Xuanzong "respected people to eat Hu".
Wang Dingbao [7] recorded in "Tang Yan Yan Yan" that Sun Hong given by Xuanzong was "made of cheese and cream". The so-called "made of cheese and cream" in Hu cuisine may include "soaked".
The biography of Mu Ning in the Tang Dynasty also recorded such a thing: Mu Ning had four sons, all of whom were excellent. People use food to compare, and the third son Mu Yuan is compared to "Enron" because he is "the quintessence of the country and uses less".
You can also read the article "Tai Ping Guang Ji" 170 "Yang Mu Brothers", which is from Supplement to National History; Tang Yulin in Song Dynasty, etc.
Existing documents show that before the Tang Dynasty, when monks and scholars translated the Sanskrit root Datura, some adopted transliteration, such as translating Datura into "Datura" and making words by syllables; There are also some free translations, such as translating Manda into "paste" or "hard". In the later spread process, transliteration and free translation were preserved; But of the two free translations, only the latter has been preserved to this day.
The reason why this kind of free translation appeared in the Tang Dynasty may be:
1. The selected Chinese character "Zhu" was very popular in the society at that time. Of course, at that time, its meaning was not only a medicine, but also a food. At the same time, people not only know the production process of "Kui", but also think it is quite complicated, and finally get a more advanced representative of milk essence than "cheese". Because Qi Yaomin's Shuyang Chapter, which was written before 1500, has recorded in detail the methods of raising cattle, sheep, milking and making "cheese" by ancient northern nationalities; In addition, since the Tang Dynasty, at least a certain number of Han people have accepted "Hu Shi".
2. From the perspective of free translation, the selected Chinese words must be endowed with new meanings; But the original meaning of this word should be consistent with the newly given meaning, at least it can't cause ambiguity. In fact, in the process of China's missionary work, Buddhist scriptures have successfully borrowed the complicated process of making cheese, chips and chips to interpret its meaning. For example, the Nirvana Sutra [9], which was popular hundreds of years before the Tang Dynasty, explained and expounded the basic Buddhist doctrine: "A good man, for example, was born from cattle, from milk to cheese, from cheese to crisp, from raw crisp to cooked crisp, from cooked crisp to hard. There is another cloud: "The voice of a good man is like milk, the sense of fate is like cheese, the bodhisattva is like raw and cooked crisp, and the Buddha is like a dragon. "
It can be seen that when the monks in the Tang Dynasty concentrated on translating a large number of Confucian classics, the necessary conditions for the translator of Confucian classics to define the word "Zhu" (meaning fermented milk fat) as Manda's free translation words have been met and hardly need to be considered.
Historical origin
To sum up, we can draw the conclusion that:
1. At present, historians have not unified the date of the book Zhou Li. Some people think it was in the seventeenth year of Li (84 1), some people think it was in the Warring States period (475- 22 1), and some people think it was in the alternating period of the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties (770). According to the most conservative estimate, the word "Dong" which means "second-class sake" appeared around 400 BC.
2. Wei Shou, the author of Shu Wei, was appointed as "Compilation of National History" in the first year of Mindi Putai in Northern Wei Festival (53 1), and was officially appointed to write "History of Wei" in the second year of Tianbao in Northern Qi Dynasty (55 1). Therefore, it is conservatively estimated that the appearance time of the word "Kui" in fermented milk fat is in 540 AD, which is probably a transliteration of foreign words.
3. The master of Buddhist scripture translation is Tang Sanzang, a monk in the Tang Dynasty. He traveled to the west for seventeen years and returned to Chang 'an in the nineteenth year of Zhenguan (645). Then he was instructed to translate the scriptures until his death in the first year of Linde (664), which was nineteen years. According to this, it can be speculated that the word "Hong" with the meaning of "Jing" and "Jing", as the translated name of Sanskrit Manda, officially appeared after Zhenguan Year in Tang Dynasty and before Linde Year, about 650 AD.
It can be seen that the history of the word "Zhu" is 800 years earlier than the word "Zhu" for cheese. It is 1 0,000 years earlier than the Sanskrit Manda translation.
4. The reason why Li Shizhen advocates "Awakening" in his poems is actually to borrow the influential Buddhist allusion "Awakening" and reiterate the conclusions of previous medical books; He does not advocate drinking milk. In fact, almost none of us yellow people can consume one liter of milk cow at a time, but it is not only really possible, but also relatively scientific and reasonable to drink fermented milk fat made from one liter of milk at a time. At this point, he surpassed his predecessors. However, as a generation of famous doctors, although he compiled countless medical documents, his overall understanding of milk and dairy products failed to break through the limitations of his predecessors. What restricts him is not only his previous medical books and classics, but also the concept in The History of Han [17] Gaozu written 2000 years ago: "He is too young to be Han Xin." Those who stink of milk smell the milk; This means that milk is a special product for babies, and adults simply disdain it. As an individual, Li Shizhen was still hard to get rid of the influence of the public consciousness at that time.
It can be seen that milk and its products were not generally accepted and enjoyed by people in ancient China for thousands of years. Throughout the expression and understanding of Li Shizhen's poems, the actual effect is to conform to the world's awe of Buddha and turn the understanding of milk into a myth of "panacea". Objectively, our ancestors deviated from the right direction for a long time: milk and its products should have been used as an inclusive food resource for the Han nationality.
Fortunately, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, later generations did not translate the western word Cheese into "cheese", but literally translated it into "cheese" or "cheese". Therefore, since modern times in China, milk and dairy products have played down Zen, and gradually showed their natural and simple true colors to the Chinese nation, which was gradually accepted by our people.