In a quiet and beautiful town called Taining, I only found the voice of the master who preached to the southeast more than 800 years ago. They followed the sound to the south and traced it to the neighboring Jiangle County, the master's hometown. Under the guidance of a young youngster named Yang, he stopped at the foot of Wushi Mountain in Shuinan, the northern suburb of the county, along a small river called Jinxi, which is also called Guishan Mountain. Several ancient camphor trees are stacked together, with scattered branches and leaves, and a memorial archway is hidden, with the words "Guishan Cemetery" written on it. A zigzag bridge is divided into a pond, connecting a line of stone paths hundreds of meters long, stringing loquats, eight hairs and unknown miscellaneous trees with green pearl-like fruits hanging on their heads, and the flowers on the other side show pale faces among thorns. In a lush Chinese fir forest, there stands a pavilion called "Daonan", and at the top of the blue brick steps halfway up the mountain, there is a grave. This is the back of burying the master of Neo-Confucianism. In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 135), on March 15, an 82-year-old master, accompanied by friends, personally surveyed his own cemetery. More than a month later, he died at home and was buried at the waist of Wushi Mountain in October, but the soul of the master is immortal in the vast picture books of Song history and Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
Besides us, there are two middle-aged men watching in the "Daonan Pavilion". To my inquiry, a middle-aged man replied that we work nearby. Let's have a look around. I don't know who is buried in this grave. It should be an ancient official.
It is said that there used to be a "Guishan Academy" at the foot of Guishan. In the third year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1267), Feng Chuxin, a minister of rites, asked the court to allow it to be built, and Song Duzong wrote the inscription "Guishan Academy". I asked the young man who led the way for proof, but he couldn't tell where it was. Yes, to introduce Shi Yang, the owner of this ancient tomb, we have to start with the allusions of "I'm from the south" and "It's snowing at the door". This story is also related to Shi Yang's life.
I'm from the South comes from the story of Shi Yang and his teacher Hao Cheng. Shi Yang (1053— 1 135), whose name is Zhongli, is Guishan, and lives in Jiangle, northern Fujian. In the ninth year of Xining (1076), Shi Yang was not transferred to the official position after he was admitted to Jinshi. When Cheng Hao was in Yingchang, Henan for four years (108 1), he went to learn from his teacher and was called "the four disciples of Cheng Men" with You Zuo, Xie and Lu Dalin. When Shi Yang finished his studies and returned to his hometown, Cheng Hao sent his favorite students out and reluctantly said, "I'm going to the south." "Changming was studying, so he left Luoguan and paid his salary." Yuelu Academy has a plaque given by the emperor, "Daonan Zhengmai", and a famous couplet written by Wang Yiyuan, a great scholar in the Qing Dynasty: "I came from the south, originally a pulse of Lianxi ..." Teacher Cheng Yi, a native of Hunan, was a student of Zhou Dunyi, the originator of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Cheng Menxue Pear is an anecdote about Shi Yang and Cheng Hao's younger brother Cheng Yi. After Cheng Hao's death, Zhezong Yuanyou was eight years old (1093), and Shi Yang was in his forties. He once again went north to learn from Cheng Hao's younger brother Cheng Hao. The teacher is very respectful. One snowy day, he and You Zuo went to Songyang Academy to visit Cheng Yi, just as the teacher was sitting in class with his eyes closed. They couldn't bear to disturb the teacher, so they waited in the snow. When the teacher woke up, the snow covered their knees and turned into a snowman. Cheng Yi praised: "All scholars are in Yidi, and only Yang (teacher) and Xie () have made progress." He was praised by disciple and fellow countryman Zhu as "the achievement of Mencius, the continuation of virtue" and compared with Mencius. The story of "Cheng Men" was written by Zhu and circulated for more than 800 years.
Shi Yang was diligent and studious all his life, especially he advocated Taoism in the southeast, promoted learning and established learning, and made great contributions to the rise of Neo-Confucianism in central Fujian, and was honored as the "originator of Fujian learning" by later generations. He has written many books, most of which are included in the Collected Works of Mr. Yang Guishan. Drawing on the wisdom of Cheng Xin-chuan, he sorted out their important works, such as Yi Chuan Yi Chuan and Cheng Cui Yan, which made Cheng's legacy spread. His philosophical thought inherited Cheng's ideological system and was called "Cheng Authentic" by later generations. From success to success, it is an important intermediate link. Shi Yang's philosophical thought influenced his favorite students, Luo Congyan, Luo Congyan's biography and Zhu's biography, and reached the peak of the development of Confucianism in China, which had a far-reaching impact on ancient China philosophy, especially speculative philosophy. Shi Yang's philosophy spread abroad and had a great influence in Korea and Japan. In the sixteenth year of Jiading in Song Dynasty (1223), the Song envoy went to Korea (now Korea), and the king eagerly asked, "Is Mr. Kameyama there?" Shi Yang and You Zuo later gave lectures and wrote in Wuyishan, where they died. Their school of Neo-Confucianism took root and spread in Wuyi area, which lasted for several generations, including Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. The famous neo-Confucianists came one after another to collect and sort out their works. Hu Anguo, Hu Hong, Zhu, Zhang Qian, and Cai, Cai Shen, Liu Huolun, Zhen and Wei Liaoweng who have been teaching Neo-Confucianism in Hunan for a long time, all spread Neo-Confucianism in Wuyishan, northern Fujian Province, which is known as Minxue in history.
A few years ago, I visited Wuxi Donglin Academy alone in the evening. Donglin Academy, also known as Kameyama Academy, was founded by Shi Yang. During the political period of the Song Dynasty, Shi Yang "went south from Luo Jing, where he lived abroad", and called all the sages to give lectures. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng and Gu Yuncheng rebuilt the Academy and built the "Daonan Temple" to offer sacrifices to Shi Yang and the sages of the Song and Ming Dynasties. From the first year of Huizong Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty (111) to the third year of Emperor Gaozong Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129), Shi Yang gave lectures in Changzhou and Wuxi for eighteen years. Zou Hao, a famous scholar in Changzhou at that time, and Li Gang, a former prime minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, were close friends of Shi Yang, so he taught Neo-Confucianism in the two places in his later years from 58 to 76.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Donglin Academy became famous because of Shi Yang. The origin of the name "Donglin Academy" is related to the poem "Walking on Lindong Road" written by Shi Yang when he visited the Tuolin Temple in Lushan Mountain: "The Solitary Lotus Hall is 700 years old, and the clouds are flowing. I have come to ask Lin Lu, and Wan Diesong sings. " As soon as I entered the gate of Lindong College, my first thought was to visit the "Daonan Temple" of the College. That night, I saw the moon over Lindong, or the moonlight that Mr. Kameyama saw more than 900 years ago. Unfortunately, the ancestral hall was closed and locked. In front of Zhu Men, I think he is not only a famous philosopher, but also an influential politician. When he was a local official, he always cared about politics and people's thoughts wherever he went. During Shao Sheng's reign, when he was a magistrate in Liuyang, Hunan Province, he wrote to the court to reflect the truth and relieve the victims. I bowed deeply to the gate of Daonan Temple and expressed my gratitude on behalf of the people of Hunan.
From the first year to the fourth year of Shao Shengyuan (1094- 1097), Shi Yang was appointed as the magistrate of a county in Liuyang, leaving a commendable achievement, helping the people in disaster relief and getting rid of the bad habit of "putting prostitutes everywhere" in Liuyang. In Liuyang, he thought of his grandmaster, Mr. Zhou Dunyi, who passed on both academically and poetically. He built an academy in Xiangyangmennei West Street, south of Liuyang County. Later generations named it "Wenjing Academy", which is the earliest academy in Liuyang. The reconstruction between Ming Chenghua (1465- 1487) no longer exists. He also built a pavilion and a pavilion outside the county magistrate's office, namely the cornice pavilion and the Guihong pavilion, both of which were carved in stone. "Sunset on the Red Pavilion" and "Grass in the Pavilion" later became one of the scenic spots visited by Liuyang people. Shi Yang wrote many poems during his four years in Liuyang. "Thin old man, Zhu Mo is late. The name of Shi Ping belongs to Yu Ji, and I want to admire the nest. " There are three poems in the History of the Book of County Zhai, which are poems about political feelings. "Liuyang Wu Yong" is a lofty and elegant lyric essay: "The curtain rolls against the column in a clear sky, with no gap between light and shade. No one will pay attention to the autumn wind, and white clouds are relatively idle ... "
Shi Yang's life story, in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, said: "The beginning of the judicial solution of Xuzhou. After several twists and turns, I learned about Liuyang County, appeased Zhang Shunmin, and did not regard him as a subordinate, but Cao made Hu do evil and disintegrated him. " The Chronicle of Guishan recorded his experience as an official in Liuyang in a little detail: "Yuan You was eight years old and forty-one, and was educated in Liuyang County, Tanzhou. Forty-two years old, went to Liuyang to work. At the age of forty-three, I went to the government to read various books, and I began to go at the age of forty-five. After four years in office, he was in charge of Zheng Hui, and wrote "Flying Pavilion" and "Guihong Pavilion" in the county, which are stone carvings. "
Liuyang County Records recorded his resume in Liuyang in the most detailed way. In the fourth year of Shaosheng in Song Zhezong (1097), Liuyang County was dry for several months. Shi Yang said in the poem "Long Drought": "Yellow dust rises from the countryside, and the horizon is broken. I sued Fengbo for being lazy and heartless. I read articles in the window. " When Shi Yang saw the soaring food prices of the victims, he immediately wrote three chapters, such as Shangzhou Pastoral Book, asking the state government to allocate food funds for disaster relief and relief to the victims, and set out to help themselves first, so that the temple could help the victims, mobilize county government officials and people with food to donate food and money, and arrange the county government canteen to cook porridge to help the people. When the approval from Tanzhou government came, he immediately opened an official warehouse to give 3000 stones to the victims. Therefore, Liuyang accumulated more debts in those years. The imperial court invited the doctor and Tanzhou judge Zhang Shunmin to make friends, but Xiang Cao made Hu and Zhang Shunmin at odds and "envied, envied and hated" their friendship, so he took it out on him and illegally fought on the grounds that he did not actively collect the arrears. At that time, Shi Yang's term of office had expired. Because he had not left his post, he was replaced by a successor and lived in Liuyang. He was forced to leave Liuyang for nearly a year. The people of Liuyang did not forget Shi Yang's diligence and benefit the people, and built the "Daonan Temple" to dedicate his portrait. Shi Yang presided over the construction of Phoebe Pavilion and Guihong Pavilion, which became the scenic spots visited by Liuyang people. On the wall of the pavilion are eight poems written by Shi Yang in Liuyang.
Shi Yang passed by Dongting many times, and all his poems stayed. "Birds and mice are barren, and autumn flowers cover short walls. The sea of clouds is boundless, and the water in Hunan is long. The corn is green and the hedgerow grass is yellow. Tears between bamboos, eternal sorrow. " Xiang Jun Temple was written in October of the second year of Fu Yuan (1099). Shi Yang visited Xiang Jun Temple on his way home from Kaifengfu, Kyoto. In November (1 106), Baining, from Jingzhou to Yuezhou, wrote 24 lines of Yueyang Book: "Dongting Lake falls from the continent, and the peaks are far away. Heavy buildings are hundreds of feet high, and painted buildings are heavy in accordance with Tianque ... "
In the drizzle in March, I was looking for my former residence in Jiangle and was led into a small courtyard hidden in a secluded alley: Lin's Chastity Square, No.6 Telecom Lane, with the sign of "Shi Yang Memorial Hall" hanging on my forehead. There are words written on the wall of the gate. In the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1735), she was established by Lin, the wife of Yang Zusheng, a descendant of Jing family, and ordered the county government to give it to Yin. The second door is the chastity archway, and the word "chastity" is engraved on hard stone, standing high in the air in 200 years of wind, frost, rain and snow. The gate of the archway has been locked tightly by a big lock, and the Shi Yang Memorial Hall inside the gate has also been locked. A lot of historical materials, such as the "Cheng Authentic Works" inscribed by the Qing Emperor, are also locked in the "chastity archway".
When it comes to Neo-Confucianism, many people associate it with "keeping justice in nature and destroying human desires". Secularized understanding is that these neo-Confucianism winters are aimed at cutting off the dust roots of ordinary people, that is, to preach that "good women don't marry two husbands" and want to be virtuous women, so those evil women who have lost their husbands are alive, posing the idea of remarriage and dying alone, just to erect that cold and ruthless "chastity memorial arch". The chastity archway of later generations locked Lin's "chastity" and distorted the original intention of spiritual cultivation. Did it further mislead ordinary people's understanding of the essence of Neo-Confucianism? It feels ironic. In the historical dust that has long since disappeared, what should be destroyed is the rulers' infinite greed for money and power, not the basic desire for survival of the obligee. ...
Through the crack of the door, you can only see a yard and a few scattered pillars, and the figure of Mr. Kameyama is floating. Outside the chastity archway, several tall warrior statues guard the delicate courtyard, some of which have damaged their arms and faces in the struggle against time. The door is littered with exquisitely carved and sturdy pillars. Under the wall are two stone jars filled with moss and rain, and there are several ancient trees that emerge from the wall. They quietly guarded this lonely sky in the ruins of ancient buildings that survived in this town.
A tall old woman lingered in front of the memorial hall. I accosted her, but I can't speak that language. A friend from southern Fujian, a colleague, translated and said that the old lady speaks Minnan dialect and is from Hui 'an. She is 9 1 year old and has lived in Jiangle for more than 60 years. I want her to convey my question. Do you know who used to live in this yard? She said that this is the house of a rich family in ancient times. The old man knows nothing about Neo-Confucianism and Shi Yang's theory for thousands of years, and he doesn't know about those fierce debates about ethics. The old lady walks like a middle-aged woman, with a thin and calm back and a lilac woman. After nearly a hundred years, she abandoned the shadow of the chastity archway behind her and wandered along the courtyard wall.
In "I come from the South", the light of Neo-Confucianism, with the help of the torch-like gaze of the master, is like an infinite cosmic spotlight, projecting and illuminating the thousand-year back of Shi Yang, and finally solidifying in a couplet of the Millennium forum. The awe-inspiring statue of "Chengmen Sydney" is also constantly elongated from the Millennium lens, and the baptism of snow and fire is constantly changing in the lens. ...