The direct pronunciation method is relatively simple to operate, as long as there are the same words, but the trouble comes from it. After all, Chinese characters are limited, some words can't find homophones, or even homophones are rare, and even with annotations, it is difficult to read. In order to solve this problem, the ancients also thought of a method of "reading if" to annotate words, that is, to annotate words with similar pronunciation, such as "winning, reading if urgent" and "believing, reading if tortuous, borrowing words". The word "Shen" here is a common word with one letter, which is synonymous with the same sound. There are also methods of adding a key to the direct key, such as "retreating" and "pushing". Although this avoids uncommon words, it is necessary to change the tone to read the sound that should be read.
Reverse tangent method
The anti-tangent method is a phonetic notation method created by the ancients after "pronunciation" and "reading if", also known as "anti", "cutting", "turning" and "anti-tangent". The basic rule of backcutting is to put two Chinese characters together to annotate a word, cut the upper word to take the initial consonant, and cut the lower word to take the vowel and tone.
Reading if method
Also known as "reading as", "reading as" and "reading as". A term coined by exegetists in the Han Dynasty has been in use since ancient times. "Reading as" is often used in annotations, and the rest can be found in Shuowen Jiezi. Duan Yucai's Preface to Reading in Zhou Lihan said: "If you study like this, you should imitate its sound. There was no irony in ancient times, so it was an analogy. " Scholars in Qing dynasty held many objections to this. Qian Daxin said: "The words" read if "and" read together "in Xu's books are all examples of ancient books being borrowed. If its sound is false and its meaning is false, then the sound of synonyms will follow, and those who are not later generations can speak in the same breath. " No matter Wang Yun's "The Meaning of Words" or Zhang Xingfu's "The Meaning of Words" and "The Doubt of the Meaning of Words", it is believed that the borrowing of Heming cannot be generalized. On the other hand, Hong's Shuowen Reading Example holds that "reading if" can not only explain the pronunciation of words, but also help to explain the meaning of words. The research results of modern scholars show that the basic function of "reading ruo" in Shuowen is to compare the pronunciation of the interpreted words; Because the pronunciation of the word "Du Ruo" is the same or similar to that of the word "Interpreted", and the words used for comparison are often common words or idiom dialects that people can easily understand, the word "Du Ruo" may be a loan word of the interpreted word or have the same meaning as the interpreted word.
Reading as law
It is also called "Yue Yue", which was initiated by exegetists in Han Dynasty and adopted by later generations. Mainly used for annotation, meaning to read it as a word. Duan Yucai's Preface to Reading Test said: "Reading for Japanese sake, reading for Japanese sake, changing words easily, changing words with similar sounds, so changing words." "Changes depend on different words and different meanings." The so-called "easy word" is to use this word to explain loanwords. For example, "The Book of Songs Feng Wei Meng": "Qi has a shore and a plate." Jian Zheng: "Pan, read as the side." "Pan" was originally "the palace of princes" (Shuowen Biography), here it means Ya 'an, and Zheng means line borrowing words. Rites and Music: "Sit in your arms, to the right, to the constitutional left." Zheng Xuan's Note: "Xian, reading is mysterious, and the sound is wrong." It is said that "Xian" is a loan word of "Xuan" because the word "Xian" is almost misused. "Shangshu Shundian": "Hundreds of valleys are broadcast." Zheng Xuan's Note: "When reading, you must read." "Time" has no meaning of planting, so you can read it clearly with "time".
Leaf sound method
Ye Yin is also called Ye Sentence. Ye is also called Xie. It refers to reading pre-Qin rhymes such as The Book of Songs and Songs of the South by changing the pronunciation (wrongly). The name Ye Yin was put forward by Zhu.