The scientific works that appeared in this period are: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, Song's Heavenly Creativeness, Xu Guangqi's Complete Book of Agricultural Administration and Fang Yizhi's Introduction to Physics. There are also works such as Xu Xiake's Travels, which are precious documents for us to study and learn from ancient technology.
The poem Ode to Coal written by Yu Qian illustrates the extensive use of coal at that time. Ji Cheng's Landscape Metallurgy is a monograph on landscape architecture.
The military science and technology of the Ming dynasty was also relatively developed, with spears and powerful artillery in the late Ming dynasty. It is said that a man named Wan Hu, sitting in a chair with a gunpowder stick, tried to fly into the sky with the help of gunpowder thrust, but failed, becoming the first person in the world to die for exploring space.
1 astrometeorology:
There are 132 cloud pictures in "White Ape Offering Three Lights" (the author is unknown) in the middle of14th century. These cloud pictures are related to weather changes, and most of them are in line with the principles of modern meteorology. (It was not until 1879 that 16 cloud pictures were published in Europe. )
Shi Jing Observatory was established in Nanjing.
1439 armillary sphere, with Beijing as the background (1900 was taken away by Eight-Nation Alliance and German. Will return at 0+09265438, set at Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory).
1442 Beijing set up an observatory.
1446 Jianqi Cinema (located in the southwest of Beijing Ancient Observatory)
Li Zhizao was written and published in 1607 (introducing western astronomical viewpoints and explaining Huntian theory).
16 17 years, Zhang Xie recorded detailed information such as marine occupation in the East-West Examination.
1634, China's first astronomical telescope "Yong" was officially installed.
2 mathematical physics:
Written by Jason Wu in 1450:
1584, Zhu Zai (Yu) published Yi.
Cheng Dawei's "Algorithm Unification" written on 1592 is the earliest record of using abacus to draw a square.
Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci began to translate together in 1606.
16 13 made in Zhi Li based on the introduction to practical arithmetic by westerner kravis and compiled by China Cheng Dawei.
1637, Song made a scientific explanation on the generation and spread of sound in On Qi and Chorus. He believes that sound is produced by the vibration or rapid movement of objects hitting the air, and sound propagates through the air, similar to water waves.
Fang Yizhi put forward in the second volume of Physics Tips: "When the universe (time) turns to space, there will be a universe in the universe, and there will be a universe in the universe." In other words, time and space cannot exist independently of each other.
Physical Tips 1 gives a correct explanation of atmospheric refraction.
Sun, a folk manufacturer of optical instruments, made dozens of optical instruments such as magnifying glasses and microscopes, and wrote The History of Mirrors (Lost).
3 medicine:
1406, Judy and others presided over the collection and compilation of Puji Fang (including 6 1739 prescriptions, which is the largest existing medical prescription in China. )
1567, Taiping County, Ningguo District tried out China human pox inoculation method to prevent smallpox. Vaccination against smallpox is the beginning of artificial immunization and a great achievement in the history of medicine. /kloc-In the 7th century, the vaccination technology in China has been quite perfect, and has been extended to the whole country. China's vaccination method was introduced to Europe at the beginning of17th century. )
1596 Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica was officially published in Nanjing.
At the same time, there are Hu Ling Vein and Eight Veins of Strange Classics.
160 1 year, Yang Jizhou wrote acupuncture and moxibustion.
16 17, authentic surgery written by Chen Shigong (collected a large number of effective prescriptions. He paid attention to practice and was brave in innovation, and creatively performed surgical operations such as toe amputation and tracheal suture, which made contributions to surgery in China. Some tumors are also discussed in the book. )
1624, written by < < Confucian classics > >: published, in the same year, edited by Jing Yue < < with Yi > >.
1640 "The Complete Book of the Pure Moon" is in 64 volumes.
164 1 year Wu youxing wrote the theory of plague.
Wang Fuzhi put forward the concept of organism metabolism in the Record of Thinking and Verification. He said: "the quality is better from generation to generation, and ... muscles are old and old, and people don't know." People see its shape unchanged and don't know its quality has moved, ... "
4 agronomy:
1376 Yu Zong wrote the Tree Planting Book (which records the grafting methods of various trees, such as close grafting of peaches, plums and apricots, and long-distance grafting of mulberry and pears).
1406 published Zhu jun's compendium of materia medica for famine relief (collected 4 species of edible wild plants14, indicated the origin, shape, taste, edible parts and eating methods, and drew a beautiful map).
15 1 1 year China began to plant corn.
From 65438 to 0547, Ma Yilong wrote "Agronomy", which recorded the experience of rice intensive cultivation, close planting, seedling raising and transplanting, and was the first book in China to expound agricultural technology from a philosophical point of view. )
1582 Shu Fan was introduced into China.
From 65438 to 0596, Tu Benjun wrote the earliest extant monograph on marine life in China, Miscellanies in Central Fujian (which recorded the morphology and living habits of more than 200 species of aquatic animals, mainly marine invertebrates and fish). )
1608, Yuan Heng's treatment of horses was co-authored by Yu Yu and Yu Jie (Yu Benheng) (a veterinary masterpiece, including the treatment experience of horses, cows and camels, which is still of practical value. )
16 17 by Zhao pupa (about tomato planting technology, etc. )
Xu Guangqi wrote in 1628 Encyclopedia of Agricultural Politics.
5 at school:
1405- 143 1 year, Zheng He led a huge ocean-going fleet to more than 30 countries in the west.
1425
1536 Huang Zhongzhu (recording the history of Southeast Asia and the traffic situation in Nanyang, China)
1565 Hu Zongxian compiled "Chart Compilation": recording Sino-Japanese traffic and anti-Japanese affairs.
In A.D. 1639, Gu began to compile Zhao Yuzhi and Records of Counties, Countries and Diseases in the World.
1640, Xu Hongzu's Travels of Xu Xiake was officially written.
6 chemistry, smelting and chemical industry:
152 1 year, Sichuan jiazhou (now Leshan) was drilled into an oil well hundreds of meters deep.
1596 recording mining technology by thermal mining method
From 65438 to 0596, Li Shizhen recorded the chemical properties and techniques of distillation, evaporation, sublimation, recrystallization, precipitation and cauterization of 276 kinds of inorganic drugs in Compendium of Materia Medica.
1637, when describing the smelting technology in Tiangong, Song regarded lead, copper, mercury, sulfur and other chemical elements as basic substances, and regarded the substances produced by their related reactions as derived substances, thus the concept of chemical elements sprouted.
1637, Song recorded the method of smelting "Japanese lead" (that is, zinc) by sealed heating in Tiangong Hardware. In the Ming Dynasty, some coins "Yongle Bao Tong" (A.D. 1403- 1424) contained as much as 99% zinc. Zinc smelting didn't start in Europe until18th century.
1637 Song recorded many achievements of ancient metallurgical technology in China in Tiangong, such as continuous production process for smelting pig iron and wrought iron (low carbon steel), steel heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalizing, quenching and chemical heat treatment, and solid carburizing process.
Fang Yizhi recorded the method of smelting coke in the seventh volume of Physics: "Coal is produced everywhere. Smelly, burned off. " When it becomes a stone, it is cut into a melting pot, which is called a reef. "Coking started in Europe in 177 1 year.
7 machinery manufacturing:
(1372 bowl spear, caliber 1 1cm, with inscription on it, indicating that it is equipped for the water army. With photos)
1377 (small diameter tubular. Attached drawings)
/kloc-The Dragon Sutra written in the 4th century
/kloc-Invention of "Flying Crow with Divine Fire" at the end of 0/4 (with photos)
1405, Zheng He's fleet built the world's largest ocean-going ship "Treasure Ship" at that time, with a captain 150 meters and a capacity of more than a thousand people.
1453 bronzes (sliding chamber type. Attached drawings)
1524 casting French cannons in Beijing.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/6th century, the dragon came out of the water. There is a faucet on the arrow, a cylinder under it, and rockets are stacked in the inner layer of the cylinder. It was the earliest multistage rocket in the world at that time. (About "Fire Dragon Out of the Water", it was recorded in military books published in the late Ming Dynasty, such as Wu Beizhi and Fire Dragon Classic, with attached drawings. )
1558, China made the first batch of 10,000 matchlock guns, which were called "beak spears".
1580, Qi Jiguang invented "self-made steel wheel fire" (the effect is similar to mine).
1598 presented by Zhao Shizhen, recording how to make and use the spear (with photos)
1626 Wang Ju compiled the first systematic mechanical engineering monograph in China;
1637, Song compiled the Encyclopedia of Science and Technology in China.