Longyou hide paper making technology is a folk traditional hand-made paper making technology, which is popular in Longyou County and its surrounding areas of Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province. The raw materials used are mainly the unique local cortex kaempferiae and wild goose skin, with straw, Chinese alpine rush and other auxiliary materials. The proportion of main and auxiliary materials is strict and the operation process is complicated. Paper is grasped by the artist's naked eye observation and manual experience, which is a living inheritance of traditional manual skills. Longyou leather paper has a history of more than 14 years. Its handmade leather paper products are delicate and flexible, and have the reputation of "the treasure of calligraphy and painting". The famous calligrapher Qi Gong praised it as "Longyou's excellent craftsmanship" and "the official paper daughter's skin of the Southern Dynasties". In 29, Longyou leather paper making skills were included in the third batch of Zhejiang intangible cultural heritage protection list; In 21, Zhejiang Longyou Chengang Xuan Paper Co., Ltd. was listed as a non-legacy production protection base in Zhejiang Province; In 211, Longyou leather paper making skills were included in the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection list; In 212, Wan Aizhu, the inheritor of leather paper making skills, was recognized as the representative inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage projects.
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Longyou traditional hand-made paper has a long history, and the paper industry is prosperous, with profound hand-made paper-making skills and traditions, and it is one of the important paper producing areas in Zhejiang Province. Longyou is located in Jinqu Basin, with humid climate and abundant sunshine. Qujiang River, Lingshan River and Zhixi run through the county, and there are abundant mountain bark and goose bark vegetation in the southern mountainous area, which provides sufficient resources for Longyou leather paper production. As early as the Tang Dynasty, "rattan paper" and "bamboo paper" were produced, among which the hand-made bamboo paper "Yuan Shu Paper" was listed as a tribute for writing imperial edicts and scriptures. Lu Rong, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty and a political participant in Zhejiang Province, said in "Liyuan Magazine" that "in Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, people make paper copying as their profession, and every year they provide official paper". Longyou's traditional hand-made paper-making skills have unique regional characteristics. According to the records of New Tang Book and Longyou County Records, the west exit of Longyou is known as the "paper town in western Zhejiang". There is a special chapter in Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations, Rolling Down and Fixing Green" to record the method of making bamboo paper. Longyou bamboo paper making is slightly different from the above, and the technology is more advanced. The process of boiling with fire is no longer needed. The bamboo material is completely pickled with lime and then pounded into bamboo pulp. Ming Wanli's "Longyou County Records Volume IV Products" shows that Longyou "burns more paper, and paper is better than other counties", which shows that Longyou burning paper has become very famous in Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Longyou's traditional hand-made papermaking skills developed greatly, and there were more than 3 varieties of coated paper products. According to the records of Longyou County Records Volume 24 Congzai in the Republic of China, in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), there was a strike of paper trough workers in Nanxiang, which was "threatening", from which we can also see that Longyou's papermaking industry had a certain scale at that time. During the Republic of China, the paper produced by Longyou was famous for its thinness, whiteness and toughness. In 1916, the provincial government set up an improved manual papermaking workshop in Xikou. According to "Research on Longyou Commercial Gang", there were 317 paper troughs in Longyou in 1929, and there were 182 trough workers, which increased to 35 in 194. For example, there are 9 11 paper troughs in Bukengyuan Village, Lingshan Township, with an annual output of 8, tons. At the beginning of the Republic of China, it produced 3, tons of paper, mainly yellow paper, white paper and Nanping paper. In 1934, Zhejiang Construction Monthly reported that Longyou bamboo pulp paper exported 17, pieces of 9, yuan. According to the statistics of Zhejiang Yearbook Industry, in 1939, Longyou produced 2, tons of Nanping paper, 15, tons of stationery and 5, reams of handmade newsprint, valued at 1.27 million yuan, accounting for more than half of the total value of Longyou's export products, and became the main industry in Longyou County.
Muchen Township, Miaoxia Township, Luojia Township and other places in the Qing Dynasty mainly produced rattan paper, leather paper, yuan calligraphy paper and so on, which had a long and systematic pedigree. After the founding of New China, the paper trade union was established in Xikou District of Longyou County in 1949, and Liu's paper trough became the second village branch of Muchen Township in Xikou District, with Mao Yuanfu as the director of the branch. In 195, the second village branch of Muchen Township in Xikou District joined Muchen Paper Company (later developed into Longyou Xuan Paper Factory). In the 196s and 197s, industrial papermaking developed rapidly, and the folk paper slots decreased sharply. At this time, Longyou leather paper production also turned into a downturn rapidly. The original dozens of manual papermaking enterprises and workshops changed manual papermaking to mechanical manufacturing or closed down directly, leaving only some small papermaking workshops in remote mountainous areas still using traditional manual papermaking techniques. Wan Aizhu, the representative inheritor of Longyou leather paper making technology and the founder of Zhejiang Longyou Chengang Xuan Paper Co., Ltd., has always insisted on making Longyou leather paper by hand, and has always guarded the ancient handicraft of making leather paper and actively inherited and developed it.
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The production technology of Longyou leather paper completely inherits the long-standing technical process handed down by Longyou traditional paper-making workshop and the rich experience passed down by successive generations. From raw materials to finished products, there are more than 3 processes in two processes: leather making and finished products making, which are made by relying on ancient production equipment, ancient technological process, traditional preparation and traditional manual papermaking techniques. The production process of leather material includes cutting strips, steaming, peeling, scraping, treading, spreading, cooking, rubbing, extruding, spreading, washing, beating, selecting leather, washing, drying, bagging and squeezing. The washing and spreading process can be repeated according to the actual situation of the leather, with the aim of cleaning pectin, lignin, pigment and other impurities in the bark of Chinese kaempferia and wild goose, and improving the quality of paper. The manufacturing process of finished products includes squeezing, putting leather into the tank, scoring, adding juice, stirring, fishing paper, squeezing paper, baking paper, checking paper, cutting paper, packaging and warehousing.
the above two processes can be divided into five processes, which are raw material pretreatment, raw material reprocessing, pulping, paper fishing and post-processing in turn. More than 5 kinds of special tools, such as roller knife, scraper, rinsing pool, hay cutter, nail rake, glue container, steamer, paper curtain, curtain bed, slot angle, curtain bed stop, etc., are needed in the whole process of making leather paper.
The production of Longyou leather paper is time-consuming, meticulous, complicated and skillful. The whole process from raw material harvesting to raw material fibrillation (leather making), paper forming and product packaging takes a long time. The best raw material is the bark of two to three years old. If you want to make good paper, you need to wait patiently for the bark to grow. Leather production needs to go through more than 2 processes, some of which have strict requirements on temperature and humidity. It takes 2 to 3 days to steam only one material, and it takes more time to dry leather if it meets rainy and cloudy days. Paper forming also needs to go through more than ten processes, especially drying paper. In the old days, there was no baking equipment, so we had to rely on sun drying for a long time. Fine material preparation, in the process of raw material selection, cooking and beating, we should comprehensively grasp various factors, try not to damage raw materials and avoid forming inferior products. After the bark is picked, it should be carefully selected. The first-class branches are thicker, the skin is shiny and there are no too many scars. When steaming, there are strict requirements on the temperature. If the fire is too big and the leather is overcooked, it will hurt the leather, resulting in the lack of tension and luster of the paper sheet, and the fire is too small to meet the requirements. In the production process of Longyou leather paper, every process is manually operated by the paper maker, and some very subtle details depend on the observation and experience of the paper maker, which requires the producer to have high understanding, skilled technology and long-term experience accumulation. For example, most raw materials are processed by methods such as sun exposure, rain exposure and dew refining, which are natural and natural, without specific indicators and parameters, and can only be judged by eyes and hands. For example, in the process of fishing paper, the depth of the curtain bed entering the pool, the size of the spray and the amount of pulp entering the curtain can only be grasped by the experience of the paper maker. The paper master's hand feeling and technique, vision and understanding directly affect the quality and effect of the finished leather paper.
longyou leather paper has a variety of finished products, including more than 3 kinds of fairy paper, stationery paper, national color paper and special paper. Longyou leather paper is not only suitable for painting and calligraphy, but also widely used in book binding, packaging and decoration. The leather paper products produced by Longyou Chengang Xuan Paper Co., Ltd. are exported to Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Province, Singapore and Europe and the United States, among which "Shou" brand painting and calligraphy paper has won the titles of "Famous Brand Product" in the International Agricultural Fair and "Top Ten Famous Papers" in Four Treasures of the Study, China.
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The production of Longyou paper not only continues the development and inheritance of Longyou paper industry, but also is a development track of traditional papermaking in China, bearing a long history. In recent years, Longyou County has attached great importance to the protection and inheritance of Longyou leather paper-making skills, and extensively carried out the traditional technological process, raw material formula and paper-making equipment for collecting, sorting and protecting diaspora. In 24, Longyou Leather Paper Making Skill Protection Group was established to protect, inherit and develop traditional skills. Protect old artists, implement skills or inheritance subsidy and reward system, so that they can better play the role of inheritance and cultivate a new generation of Longyou leather paper making talents. Protect the ecological environment, establish a raw material production base of 15, mu in Longnan Mountain area, and ensure the supply of raw materials for leather paper production. Carry out the national exchange activities of manual papermaking skills. At the end of 216, Longyou County published "Longyou Leather Paper Making Skills". Longyou County Archives carried out the collection and collection activities of intangible materials, and collected the relevant words, pictures and videos of Longyou Leather Paper making skills into the museum for permanent preservation. In 217, Longyou Chengang Xuan Paper Co., Ltd. built the Longyou Leather Paper Intangible Exhibition Hall, which displayed the ancient paper-making workshops, traditional production tools, hand-made paper-making skills and the human history of leather paper for visiting and learning and personally experiencing the traditional hand-made paper-making skills. (Source: Zhejiang Archives magazine, No.8, 218)