1, simple silk ink
Han people's daily ink use is mainly written on bamboo slips and silk books. However, bamboo slips and silks a
1, simple silk ink
Han people's daily ink use is mainly written on bamboo slips and silk books. However, bamboo slips and silks are perishable and difficult to spread for a long time, and it is difficult for future generations to see them. Poets in the Song Dynasty recorded the wooden slips unearthed in Tiandu, Gansu Province during the reign of Emperor Gaozu Zhang and He: "In the early years of Chongning, after a short visit to Tiandu, pottery was actually made of wooden slips, which were wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, with a long foot and a book of zhangcao. In other words, I participated in the number of Zhu characters. A few horses a day, a few cotton rafts and a certain amount of money all have chapters and year numbers. Loose it, like a new success. " Shao Bo deliberately compared these wooden ink marks with the calligraphy methods of Han and Jin dynasties in the seal cutting posts circulated at that time: "If the words fly in ancient times, they are not comparable to those in the calligraphy posts today." But when?
Few people can see the ink on these bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty. When Mi Fei, a great calligrapher and connoisseur, wrote The History of Books, he could only write it from the Western Jin Dynasty because he could not see the ink before the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, until the end of the Qing Dynasty, people's research on calligraphy in the Han Dynasty was carried out through the extension of inscriptions such as inscriptions, cliffs and bricks. Because they missed seeing the ink of the Han Dynasty, there were many deviations and limitations in their understanding.
190 1 At the beginning of the year, Stein, a British Hungarian, made an expedition to the west of China and found more than 40 China bamboo slips at the Niya site in Xinjiang, which was the first time that modern archaeology excavated ancient bamboo slips. In the following 10 years, Stein's expedition, Swedish explorer Sven Hedin's expedition and Japanese Otani's expedition successively unearthed more than 1000 bamboo slips in northwest China. 19 14, Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei published the book "Slips of quicksand" based on the photos of bamboo slips obtained by Stein during his second expedition to Central Asia published by French scholar Shawan, and applied the textual research method of Qing Dynasty to the study of bamboo slips, which caused a strong shock in domestic academic circles. Later, during the period of 1930- 193 1, more than 10000 Han bamboo slips were unearthed in the Ejina River basin by a scientific investigation team from northwest China jointly organized by China and Sweden, which were collectively called "Juyan Han Bamboo Slips" because they were all near Juyan City in Zhangye County in Han Dynasty. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the number and scope of Han Dynasty bamboo and silk unearthed in archaeological excavations all over the country are unprecedented. Among them, 1972 unearthed more than 4,900 bamboo slips from No.1 and No.2 Han tombs in Zhangzishan, Linyi, Shandong Province, 1973 unearthed about120,000 words of silk books from No.3 Mawangdui tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, and 6 10 bamboo slips. During the period of 1972- 1974, the Juyan Archaeological Team, composed of cultural relics and archaeologists from Gansu Province and relevant departments, excavated more than 20,000 bamboo slips in the Ejina River basin and more than 23,000 bamboo slips unearthed at the Hanxuan Boxing Site in Dunhuang, Gansu Province. During the period of 1990- 1992,
Therefore, during the period of 100 since the 20th century, with the progress of modern archaeological excavations, a large number of bamboo slips and silk books of the Han Dynasty were unearthed, and bamboo slips and bamboo slips became "outstanding studies" in academic circles, rewriting the academic history in many aspects. The contents of these unearthed bamboo slips and silk books include lost texts, laws and regulations of the Han Dynasty, documents and classics of governments and armies at all levels, and even literary works of Ci and Fu in the Han Dynasty, which are of great historical and documentary value. At the same time, the significance of these bamboo and silk books in the history of calligraphy lies in enabling us to truly and comprehensively understand the evolution of popular fonts in the Han Dynasty and the colorful appearance and brilliant achievements of calligraphy art.
Bamboo slips and silk books unearthed from Mawangdui No.1 and No.3 tombs in Changsha, Hunan belong to the early Western Han Dynasty and are the earliest ink materials worthy of our attention. Among them, the silk book Lao Zi Yi Ben (Figure 2. 1) unearthed from Tomb No.3 probably dates from Hui Di or Lv Hou, that is, from 194 to 180. The font of this silk script belongs to the typical ancient official script between Qin and Han dynasties, but compared with the Qin bamboo slips in Sleeping Tiger Land in Qin Dynasty, the structural characteristics of circular seal script have rarely appeared, that is, the connection of horizontal and vertical lines is mostly square folding rather than round turning, and the font is mostly square flat; The horizontal lines are closely spaced and neatly arranged. At the same time, it highlights the unique wave pen of Lishu. The main length and width are all beyond the width of the knot. After pressing hard, it is picked out, and there is a prototype of "silkworm head dovetail", while the left and right oblique strokes are stretched very exaggerated, which incorporates lively and vivid visual features in the overall dignified and rigorous pattern. The typical characteristics of official script in the mature period of Han Dynasty were basically formed in this silk script.
Mawangdui Tomb No.1, excavated in 1972, was buried in the period of Yasunari Kawabata and Jingdi (179- 14 1 year ago), among which ***3 12 bamboo slips were unearthed, the contents of which are the list of funerary objects. However, these "scheduling strategies" belong to daily records. In order to be quick and vivid, strokes are related, and some radical structures show signs of simplification and cursive script, among which the new ideas and variations indicate the germination of cursive script in Han Dynasty. The evolution of fonts in Han dynasty was developed by these two subjects in parallel.
By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after decades of rest and recuperation, the national strength of the Han Dynasty was strong, so it changed the strategy of being close to the people, exchanging markets and defending against the Xiongnu who invaded the northern border since the establishment of the Han Dynasty, and took the initiative to attack militarily and constantly won. Hexi Corridor has four counties: Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang, which opens the way to the western regions. In the third year of Taitai (BC 102), it started from Wuyuan in the east and Juyan in the west, built a frontier fortress and opened the western regions except Yumenguan and Yangguan, and operated until the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties. Most of the generals and soldiers guarding the border pass came from the mainland, and they left a large number of bamboo slips in Dunhuang and Juyan in the northwest border. In the arid climate of northwest China, bamboo slips are not easy to rot. Since the 20th century, archaeological excavations have unearthed 100 years, with a long and continuous time span, clear font evolution and colorful writing style. When we sort out bamboo slips with dates, we can see the different development directions of the two bodies.
Let's look at the mature process of official script. The three-year bamboo slips of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty unearthed in Dunhuang (the first 94 years) changed the characteristics of relaxation and elongation of longitudinal wave strokes in the early Western Han Dynasty. The strokes are mainly horizontal and the fonts are basically flat and wide. The long horizontal painting in the figure is "swallow tail", which stretches left and right, and the stroke characteristics of typical official script have been fully formed. Xuan Di's Notes on the Four Years of Yuan Kang (Figure 2.3 in the first 62 years) further shows the characteristics of standard stippling, good style and elegant style in pen use and structure. However, 1985, Ming Yi (color picture 6) unearthed from the tomb of Xi Guobao in Haizhou, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, has more mature and exquisite calligraphy than mature and standardized official scripts, such as Yiying tablet and ritual tablet, which only appeared on the tablet during the Lingdi and Hengdi periods of the Eastern Han Dynasty and was called "stereotyped writing" by later generations. As an independent font, cursive script also developed and matured in the Western Han Dynasty. Such as "Yuan Kangsi"
In most cases, the last line of the year, "The Death of the Golden Crown in June", developed from the tendency of Cence cursive script unearthed from Mawangdui No.1 Tomb in the Western Han Dynasty, that is, on the one hand, the font style was simplified, and the side strokes were simplified without writing; On the other hand, there are hook-and-loop connections between strokes, and a plurality of strokes are written continuously to make a stroke. Judging from the bamboo slips unearthed in Juyan and Dunhuang, cursive script, as an independent font, matured rapidly after the Han and Yuan Dynasties.
Get up. For example, the bamboo slips in the first year of Yong Guang (the first 43 years) were slightly immature in art, but most of the characters were cursive and fixed with cursive calligraphy. The Wang Jun shogunate archives (Figure 2.4) in the New Mang period were manuscripts for drafting official documents, and they were completely mature in art. The cursive script in the Han Dynasty developed in parallel with the official script, and the cursive script with the characteristics of official script was different from that without official script after Wei and Jin Dynasties, so this cursive script with some characteristics of official script was also called "Cao Zhang" by later generations.
In the Western Han Dynasty, in addition to the official script and cursive script developed gradually as daily writing, seal script continued to be used in some occasions that need to show its importance because of its old font, just like the Qin Li in the form of "Crouching Tiger's Bamboo Slips" in the Qin Dynasty, while Qin Shihuang used small seal script to carve stones to record merits. 1973 The "Zhang Ye Du Wei Chai Xin" (color picture 7) unearthed at the Shuijinguan site in Juyanshou is a symbol of senior officials in the Han Dynasty and a voucher for opening and closing the door. Written on the red linen fabric, it is a standard seal script, and the glyphs are all rectangular and neatly arranged. The word "Dewey" in the middle has dense lines and wide font processing, which makes the internal space divided by each line homogeneous and coordinated, and generally looks like a regular China seal. With the development of the times, the seal script of Han Dynasty often presents a different style from that of Qin Dynasty. 1959, Zhang Bosheng's inscription was unearthed from the 23rd tomb of Mozizi in Wuwei (Figure 2.5). The inscription on the pivot is shaped like a flag. When a person is buried, he hangs at the end of the pole and walks in front of the fulcrum. When he entered the grave, he covered the coffin. Using the inscription on the coffin, it not only shows the identity of the deceased, but also entrusts the desire of the deceased to live forever. The lines of this inscription are twisted to form a decorative character, which was called "Miao seal" in Han Dynasty. On the whole, it is simple and unpretentious, and it is natural and vivid with its shape and layout, density and contrast in composition.