Understand the meaning of notional words commonly used in classical Chinese: notional words understand the meaning and usage of notional words commonly used in classical Chinese; Understanding function words is different from modern Chinese in sentence patterns and usage; Special sentence parts of speech use ancient and modern interchangeable words to understand and translate sentences in the text; Classical Chinese translation uses classical Chinese to screen information; Screening materials and summarizing the main points of classical Chinese; Summarize the central meaning; Summarize allusions and analyze the author's views and attitudes in ancient Chinese.
2. Summary of knowledge points of classical Chinese in senior high school:
Classical Chinese knowledge is one of the main knowledge points during Chinese learning in senior high school, which mainly includes understanding the meaning of classical Chinese notional words, understanding the meaning and usage of classical Chinese function words, understanding sentence patterns and usage different from modern Chinese, understanding and translating sentences in the text, screening information in classical Chinese, summarizing the main points of classical Chinese, summarizing the central meaning, and analyzing and summarizing the author's views and attitudes towards ancient Chinese. The following is the understanding and analysis of each specific knowledge point.
Understand the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese;
Notional words/whole words/notional words
Understand the meaning and usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese;
function word
Understand different sentence patterns and usages from modern Chinese;
Flexible use of interchangeable words and ancient and modern different words in special sentence types.
Understand and translate the sentences in the text;
Classical Chinese translation
Filtering classical Chinese information:
Screening information
Summarize the main points of classical Chinese and summarize the central meaning:
Summarize allusions
Analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes towards ancient Chinese prose;
Views and attitudes
3. Key words and explanations of classical Chinese in senior high school. What language class is mother tongue education? Classical Chinese is the most important part in the long history of Chinese mother tongue, and it is also the window for middle school students to understand the traditional culture of the motherland and the starting point for them to contact the traditional culture of the motherland.
Without classical Chinese education, it can't be called Chinese mother tongue education in a complete sense. As an integral part of Chinese learning in middle schools, classical Chinese is becoming more and more important.
When entering high school, most students are afraid to learn classical Chinese. If it weren't for the exam, I believe many students would give up studying. The main reason is the lack of learning methods and interest in classical Chinese.
Combined with the learning rules and requirements of classical Chinese, the author briefly talks about the learning methods and objectives of classical Chinese here. Reading close to classical Chinese is an important way to learn any language well, and classical Chinese is no exception.
Frequent reading not only helps to master the meaning of the text, but also increases the sense of language in classical Chinese. Sima Guang said: "The book must be memorized, or at once, or when you don't sleep in the middle of the night. If you think about its meaning, you will get more."
Starting from the basic requirements of reading, read the inherent tone, intonation and rhythm of the article and grasp the artistic conception, atmosphere and emotion of the article. On the basis of accurate pronunciation and accurate pause, observe the tone, distinguish the semantics, sort out the hierarchy and read out the characteristics.
If the pronunciation is not correct, you will read wrong words, and if the sentence is not correct, you will read broken sentences. Wrong pronunciation or sentence break will affect the accurate understanding of sentences. For example, in Biographies of Lian Po and Biographies of Lin Xiangru, the sentence "It is to make its followers dress brown", meaning (y) is read as meaning (y), and the inscription on the tomb of five people is read as meaning.
Gradually developing good reading habits will also help to improve the ability to appreciate ancient poetry and the attractive style of composition language. On the basis of being familiar with reading, recite some articles appropriately.
The classical Chinese selected into the textbooks are mostly beautiful, concise and elegant model essays, and tend to pay attention to rhetorical devices such as deliberation, refinement, duality, parallelism and intertextuality. "The words are limited and the words are subtle." After reading and memorizing, it is inevitable that it will be affected and memorized repeatedly. Why worry that your daily composition language is boring and lacks charm! In recent years, the perfect composition of college entrance examination has beautiful and rich language, and the combination of parallel prose has profound implications, probably because of good reading habits and profound cultural accumulation on weekdays. In short, classical Chinese is learned from the mouth, engraved in the heart, and then achieved the effect of reciting with eyes closed. Feel the beauty of literary quality in the harmony of rhyme and cadence.
The method of reading aloud lies in persistence and perseverance, and there will be gains. Second, another important way to observe and learn classical Chinese in accumulation is to be good at accumulation.
Generally speaking, the grammar system of ancient Chinese used in middle school textbooks is rigorous and standardized, and the definition, usage and sentence pattern division of words have certain norms. According to the characteristics of word usage, the learning content of words in classical Chinese has two aspects: one is to remember the basic meaning of words, and the other is to identify and judge the flexible meaning of words.
The basic meaning is the common meaning of a word, and many classical Chinese words have one or several common meanings. The main way to learn these words is to learn by rote, take lessons as the basis, take a lesson or a unit as the unit, collect more, sort out more, pick out relevant examples, compare and summarize them, and every little makes a mickle. Flexible use of word meaning means that a word does not stick to a fixed usage and explanation, but derives other usages and explanations according to the change of sentence grammatical structure and the need of ideographic expression.
Such as causative usage, intentional usage, noun as adverbial and the conversion of parts of speech between verbs, nouns and adjectives, all involve flexible use of words. Usually, the judgment of the flexible meaning of words mainly depends on the analysis of the structure of phrases or sentences, among which the analysis of verb structure is the most commonly used.
Look at the following examples: ① Su Zhang Hou Liang (Liang, verb-object structure, using "mountain" as an adjective to make friends) The Hongmen Banquet is about the talents of the world (the talent in the world, the verb-object structure, and the verb-object structure, with "Li" as a noun to treat guests). The Theory of Six Kingdoms is very profound. In addition, the judgment of sentence patterns in classical Chinese is inseparable from the analysis of sentence grammatical structure.
Learning grammar knowledge properly, mastering certain grammar rules and understanding the basic combination rules of "subject-predicate-object definite complement" will undoubtedly help to understand the syntactic rules of classical Chinese. In order to reduce the pain of searching in reading, we can collect some contents such as the meaning of real words and the usage of function words in classical Chinese.
We can compile a dictionary of classical Chinese by combining the contents of the textbook with the teacher's explanation. You can also do some classification extracts, do some classical Chinese knowledge cards, and make a shallow classification of ancient cultural common sense to form a series. Accumulate over time, not only enrich their knowledge, but also make the reading of classical Chinese handy.
Third, enjoy classical Chinese in thinking. Su Shi has a saying: I can never get tired of reading old books, and I can never get tired of reading them. In addition to reading and reciting, we should think deeply, circle or annotate or write reading notes.
An incisive exposition, a beautiful description and a profound expression should all be the beginning of understanding and thinking, or writing a summary. Recording one's learning experience in various forms and expounding one's unique views will achieve good results and unexpected gains. Zhu said: when reading, there are doubts in the unknown, gradually there are doubts, and there are doubts in the middle. After that, the doubts are gradually solved, even there is no doubt in the mastery, before learning.
Reading and thinking is a method of lifelong learning. To sum up, in the process of learning classical Chinese, reading, accumulation and thinking should be effectively combined and cannot be separated.
There should be accumulation and thinking in reading, and repeated reading in thinking. Classical Chinese learning depends on oral reading, hand reading, mind reading, oral reading, eye reading, mind reading, continuous exploration and thinking, and so on.
4. Key words and explanations that should be mastered in classical Chinese in senior high school What is Chinese education without classical Chinese? It cannot be called Chinese mother tongue education in a complete sense.
As an integral part of Chinese learning in middle schools, classical Chinese is becoming more and more important. When entering high school, most students are afraid to learn classical Chinese. If it weren't for the exam, I believe many students would give up studying.
The main reason is the lack of learning methods and interest in classical Chinese. Combined with the learning rules and requirements of classical Chinese, the author briefly talks about the learning methods and objectives of classical Chinese here.
Reading close to classical Chinese is an important way to learn any language well, and classical Chinese is no exception. Frequent reading not only helps to master the meaning of the text, but also increases the sense of language in classical Chinese.
Sima Guang said: "The book must be memorized, or at once, or when you don't sleep in the middle of the night. If you think about its meaning, you will get more." Starting from the basic requirements of reading, read the inherent tone, intonation and rhythm of the article and grasp the artistic conception, atmosphere and emotion of the article.
On the basis of accurate pronunciation and accurate pause, observe the tone, distinguish the semantics, sort out the hierarchy and read out the characteristics. If the pronunciation is not correct, you will read wrong words, and if the sentence is not correct, you will read broken sentences. Wrong pronunciation or sentence break will affect the accurate understanding of sentences.
For example, in Biographies of Lian Po and Biographies of Lin Xiangru, the sentence "It is to make its followers dress brown", meaning (y) is read as meaning (y), and the inscription on the tomb of five people is read as meaning. Gradually developing good reading habits will also help to improve the ability to appreciate ancient poetry and the attractive style of composition language.
On the basis of being familiar with reading, recite some articles appropriately. The classical Chinese selected into the textbooks are mostly beautiful, concise and elegant model essays, and tend to pay attention to rhetorical devices such as deliberation, refinement, duality, parallelism and intertextuality. "The words are limited and the words are subtle." After reading and memorizing, it is inevitable that it will be affected and memorized repeatedly. Why worry that your daily composition language is boring and lacks charm! In recent years, the perfect composition of college entrance examination has beautiful and rich language, and the combination of parallel prose has profound implications, probably because of good reading habits and profound cultural accumulation on weekdays.
In short, classical Chinese is learned from the mouth, engraved in the heart, and then achieved the effect of reciting with eyes closed. Feel the beauty of literary quality in the harmony of rhyme and cadence. The method of reading aloud lies in persistence and perseverance, and there will be gains.
Second, another important way to observe and learn classical Chinese in accumulation is to be good at accumulation. Generally speaking, the grammar system of ancient Chinese used in middle school textbooks is rigorous and standardized, and the definition, usage and sentence pattern division of words have certain norms.
According to the characteristics of word usage, the learning content of words in classical Chinese has two aspects: one is to remember the basic meaning of words, and the other is to identify and judge the flexible meaning of words. The basic meaning is the common meaning of a word, and many classical Chinese words have one or several common meanings. The main way to learn these words is to learn by rote, take lessons as the basis, take a lesson or a unit as the unit, collect more, sort out more, pick out relevant examples, compare and summarize them, and every little makes a mickle.
Flexible use of word meaning means that a word does not stick to a fixed usage and explanation, but derives other usages and explanations according to the change of sentence grammatical structure and the need of ideographic expression. Such as causative usage, intentional usage, noun as adverbial and the conversion of parts of speech between verbs, nouns and adjectives, all involve flexible use of words.
Usually, the judgment of the flexible meaning of words mainly depends on the analysis of the structure of phrases or sentences, among which the analysis of verb structure is the most commonly used. Look at the following examples: ① Su Zhang Hou Liang (Liang, verb-object structure, using "mountain" as an adjective to make friends) The Hongmen Banquet is about the talents in the world (the talent in the world, the verb-object structure, and the verb-object structure, with "Li" as a noun to treat guests). The Theory of Six Kingdoms is very profound.
In addition, the judgment of sentence patterns in classical Chinese is inseparable from the analysis of sentence grammatical structure. Learning grammar knowledge properly, mastering certain grammar rules and understanding the basic combination rules of "subject-predicate-object definite complement" will undoubtedly help to understand the syntactic rules of classical Chinese.
In order to reduce the pain of searching in reading, we can collect some contents such as the meaning of real words and the usage of function words in classical Chinese. We can compile a dictionary of classical Chinese by combining the contents of the textbook with the teacher's explanation. You can also do some classification extracts, do some classical Chinese knowledge cards, and make a shallow classification of ancient cultural common sense to form a series.
Accumulate over time, not only enrich their knowledge, but also make the reading of classical Chinese handy. Third, enjoy classical Chinese in thinking. Su Shi has a saying: I can never get tired of reading old books, but I am familiar with them and think deeply.
In addition to reading and reciting, we should think deeply, circle or annotate or write reading notes. An incisive exposition, a beautiful description and a profound expression should all be the beginning of understanding and thinking, or writing a summary. Recording one's learning experience in various forms and expounding one's unique views will achieve good results and unexpected gains.
Zhu said: when reading, there are doubts in the unknown, gradually there are doubts, and there are doubts in the middle. After that, the doubts are gradually solved, even there is no doubt in the mastery, before learning. Reading and thinking is a method of lifelong learning.
To sum up, in the process of learning classical Chinese, reading, accumulation and thinking should be effectively combined and cannot be separated. There should be accumulation and thinking in reading, and repeated reading in thinking.
Learning classical Chinese requires oral reading, hand reading, mental reading, oral reading, eye reading and mental reading, and continuous exploration and thinking. If we persist in this way, the progress of classical Chinese learning should be just around the corner.
5. Who can help to sort out the bronze inscriptions in Qi Huan? 1. If it's not enough, it's Wang Hu: To get through "already", stop. 2. However, it is useless to turn on the clock (there are many places in this article): turn on "Yi" and express doubts. 3. Wang said: Be happy with "Yue". 4. Fold for the elderly. Go back, go back, go home. Travel depends on the king's painting: painting the road, road 9. His monarch wants to go to court: complain, sue, sue 10, all for himself: past, modal particle, indicating sigh 1 1, catching the trap with a net 12, the white prize winner can't bear to wear it on the road: the spot prize, gray hair, often two times than the old man. Go to China to caress Siyi and China: refer to the 6th district of the Central Plains, and then be punished; then use 1 flexibly in three parts of speech; if there are no words, then be king (there are many places in this article): use nouns as verbs, be king and succeed. 2. Protect the people and the king: love and comfort 3. There is no difference in the love between the king and the people. 4. Be a gentleman and stay away from the kitchen. Adjectives are verbs, stay away from 5. Clear enough to see the end of autumn. Adjective is a noun, eyesight 6. Old. I am getting old. 2. I am old. 1. adjective. Lao 2: adjectives as nouns, Lao 7, Xiao 1, my Xiao 2, and Xiao 2, Xiao 1: adjectives as verbs, love; Young (2): Adjective as noun, baby, child (8) Penalty for widowhood: (general "type") Noun as verb, lead by example (9) Fat and sweet is not enough for mouth and mouth: Adjective as noun, plump food 10, light and warm enough for body: Adjective as noun, light and warm clothes1. Big: countries with big adjectives as nouns 14, and a few can't be outnumbered: sparsely populated countries with adjectives as nouns; Masses: adjectives as nouns, a country with a large population 15, weak and solid, invincible, strong and weak: adjectives as nouns, a weak country; Qiang: adjective as noun, powerful country 16, take one suit and eight suits: make move, make ... surrender 17, and then accept the corresponding punishment: noun as verb, punish 18, ignore people: (through the "net") noun as verb, open a net to catch and frame 650. The word "four characters" is ambiguous (1). People who are ignorant of the right way (talk about it) will be sincere and willing to learn from the road for a long time (fashion) because they are afraid that the road will be dark and the road will be blocked, and they will have sincere trust. They are similar to people in those days, and their roads are similar (reasonable). (2) Qi Huan Jinwen can listen to (good). I can't bear the death, don't give up (stop) the Tang people's floating pictures, praise their address (building houses) (4) sincerity, people (indeed) sincerity, (truly) emperor's sincere feeling, praise the family's second son's two good (real) Chu Cheng, which can be absolutely neat, and Qin is willing to offer business to the ground.