Luban, whose surname is Gongshu and whose given name is Ban. Also known as Gongshuzi, Gongshupan, Banshu, and Luban. A native of the state of Lu (the capital is Qufu, Shandong, and the hometown is Tengzhou, Shandong), "Ban" and "Ban" have the same pronunciation, which were common in ancient times, so people often call him Lu Ban. He was born in about the thirteenth year of King Zhou Jing (507 BC) and died in the twenty-fifth year of King Zhending (444 BC). He lived from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. He was born in a family of craftsmen for generations and followed his family since he was a child. People have participated in many civil construction projects, gradually mastered the skills of productive labor, and accumulated rich practical experience. Lu Ban was an outstanding inventor in ancient my country. For more than two thousand years, his name and stories about him have been circulated among the people. The civil craftsmen of our country all respect him as their ancestor. Luban: Ji's surname, courtesy name Gongshu, and given name Pan (bān). After the Duke of Lu. Also known as Gongshuzi, Gongshupan (bān), Banshu, and Luban. Because he was from the state of Lu (the capital is now Qufu, Shandong). (One said he was from Qufu, the other said he was from Tengzhou), "Ban" and "Ban" have the same pronunciation, and they were commonly used in ancient times, so people often called him Lu Ban. Lu Ban was born approximately in the 13th year of King Zhou Jing (507 BC) and died in the 25th year of King Zhending (444 BC). He lived from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. He was born in a family of craftsmen for generations. I participated in many civil construction projects with my family, gradually mastered the skills of production labor, and accumulated rich practical experience. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, social changes gave craftsmen some freedom and opportunities to display their talents. Under this circumstance, Luban made inventions in machinery, civil engineering, and handicrafts. After about 450 BC, he came to Chu from Lu and helped Chu make weapons. He once created a cloud ladder and prepared to attack the Song Dynasty, but was stopped by Mozi. Mozi advocated making practical production tools and opposed making weapons for war. Lu Ban accepted this idea. Gongshu Pan pays great attention to the observation and research of objective things. He is inspired by natural phenomena and devotes himself to creating inventions. Once while climbing a mountain, his finger was cut by a grass. He picked the grass and looked carefully. He found that both sides of the grass blades were evenly arranged with small teeth, so he imitated the grass blades and made a saw for logging. He saw various kinds of saws. The little bird can fly freely in the sky, so he cut a flying harrier out of bamboo wood and tried to fly in the air with the help of wind. He started flying for a short time, but after repeated research and continuous improvement, he was able to fly in the air for a long time. Gongshu Ban focused on practice throughout his life, was good at using his brain, and made great contributions in construction, machinery, etc. He was able to build "palaces, terraces and pavilions"; he made "cloud ladders" for sieges and "gouqiang" for boat warfare; he created wooden carriages with "organ preparations"; he invented the ruler, ink fountain, plane, chisel, etc. Various woodworking tools, grinding, grinding, locking, etc. were also invented. Due to his outstanding achievements, construction craftsmen have always respected him as the "ancestor". Luban has many inventions and creations. Many ancient books record that many woodworking tools used by carpenters were invented by him. Like the curved ruler used by carpenters, it is called Luban ruler. Another example is the ink fountain, umbrella, saw, plane, drill, etc. It is said that Lu Ban invented it. The invention of these woodworking tools freed the craftsmen at that time from primitive and arduous labor, doubled their labor efficiency, and gave civil engineering a new look. It all contains original physical science knowledge. Luban is also a very clever mechanical inventor. The lock he made has a mechanism on the inside, leaving no trace on the outside. It can only be opened with the help of a well-matched key. There is such a record in the book "Mozi": "Gongshuzi whittled bamboo wood to make a magpie, and when it was ready, it flew and did not land for three days." That is to say, the wooden bird made by Lu Ban could fly high into the sky by the wind and did not land for three days. . Can this be considered the pioneer of primitive aviation science? Lu Ban also improved the structure of the vehicle and made a mobile wooden carriage and horse. This kind of wooden chariot and horse is controlled by a wooden man, equipped with mechanisms, and can walk automatically. Many scientific and technological inventors in later generations, such as Ma Jun in the Three Kingdoms period, Ou Chun in the Jin Dynasty, Lingzhao in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Ma Daifeng in the Tang Dynasty, were influenced by this legend and developed in this direction one after another. In terms of weapons manufacturing, Luban once manufactured siege equipment for the Chu State and played a huge role in the war. Later, under the influence of Mozi, they stopped making such war tools and specialized in creations and inventions in production and life to benefit the working people. For more than 2,400 years, in order to express their love and admiration for Lu Ban, people have focused all the collective creations and inventions of the ancient working people on him. Therefore, the story about his invention and creation is actually the story of the invention and creation of the working people in ancient my country. Luban's name has actually become a symbol of the diligence and wisdom of the ancient working people. Luban has many inventions and creations. Many ancient books such as "Shi Cyan Pearl", "Wu Yuan" and "Ancient History" record that many tools and instruments used by carpenters were created by him, such as the curved ruler (also called the moment or Luban ruler), as well as the ink fountain and plane. , drills, chisels, shovels, saws and other tools are also said to have been invented by Luban. The invention of these woodworking tools freed the craftsmen at that time from primitive and heavy labor, doubled their labor efficiency, and gave civil engineering a new look. Later, in order to commemorate this famous master, people respected him as the ancestor of my country's civil craftsmen. According to records in the "Shiben", the stone mill was also invented by Lu Ban. Legend has it that Lu Ban used two relatively hard round stones, cut them into dense shallow grooves, put them together, and used human or animal power to turn them, and then grind the rice flour into powder.
This is what we call a mill. Before this, people processed grain by putting the grains in a stone mortar and pounding them with a pestle. The invention of the mill changed the up and down motion of the pestle and mortar into a rotational motion, so that the intermittent work of the pestle and mortar became continuous. work, greatly reducing labor intensity and improving production efficiency. This is a major improvement in ancient grain processing tools. The actual situation of Lu Ban's invention of the grinding mill has been unknown, but judging from archaeological excavations, pestles and mortars were already in existence during the Longshan Culture period (about 4,000 years ago). Therefore, it is possible that the grinding mill was invented in Lu Ban's time. In terms of weapons, according to "Mozi Gongshu Chapter", Luban once manufactured "cloud ladders" for the Chu State for sieges and "Gouqiang" (also known as "Gouji") for water warfare, which played an important role in the war. A relatively large effect. In terms of architecture and sculpture, Luban also made many contributions. "Shu Yi Ji" says that Lu Ban carved a three-dimensional stone map of Kyushu. Lu Ban is indeed one of the best civil construction craftsmen in ancient my country. For more than 2,400 years, he has been regarded as the "ancestor" by civil engineering craftsmen and is respected and commemorated by people. There are many kinds of Luban's inventions and creations, which are scattered in books after the Warring States Period. The main ones are: (1) Mechanical seals. "Book of Rites Tan Gong" records that he designed a "mechanical seal" to bury Ji Kangzi's mother using a mechanical method. His skills are convincing. However, thick burials were prevalent at that time, and this method was not adopted. (2) Agricultural machinery. The invention and adoption of advanced agricultural machinery was one of the important conditions for the development of agriculture in ancient China. "Shiben" said that Luban made stone grains, and "Wu Yuan Qi Yuan" also said that he made rice hullers, mills, and rollers. These grain processing machinery were very advanced at the time. In addition, "Ancient History" records that the stock market relied on Lu Ban to make a shovel. (3) Woodworking tools. Many utensils in ancient times were made of wood, so fine tools were very important to carpenters. "Wuyuan·Qiyuan" says that Luban made ■, drill, and ■kuo (tools for correcting the bending of wood). "Luban Jing" also calls the curved ruler used in carpentry "Luban ruler", indicating that ancient craftsmen believed that the curved ruler was invented by Lu Ban, but this is just a legend. The curved ruler was a commonly used woodworking tool before Luban. (4) Lock key. In the time of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty, there was a simple lock key, which was shaped like a fish. The lock key improved by Lu Ban is shaped like a worm, with a mechanism inside, which can only be opened with the key, and can replace human guarding. (5) Weapons. Hooks and ladders were commonly used weapons in the late Spring and Autumn Period. "Mozi Lu Wen" records that Lu Ban transformed the hook into a "hook strong" for boat warfare. The Chu army used this weapon to engage in water battles with the Yue army. When the overshipping ship retreated, it would hook it, and when the overcoming ship attacked, it would be pushed back. it. "Mozi Gongshu" records that he transformed the ladder into a cloud ladder that could stand in the air and used it to attack cities. (6) Bionic machinery. "Mozi Lu Wen" also records that Lu Ban cut wood and bamboo to make a magpie, which could fly for three days. According to "Hongshu" records, he also made wooden kites to get a glimpse of Song Dynasty. "Lunheng·Ziji·Ruzeng" records a rumor that he made a wooden chariot and horse with mechanisms and a wooden charioteer to carry his mother. (7) Engraving. "Shu Yi Ji" records that Lu Ban once carved the "Kiuzhou Map" on stone, which is probably the earliest stone map. In addition, it is said in ancient times that Luban carved an exquisite stone phoenix. (8) Civil construction. "Shijiyuan" and "Muyuan·Muyuan" both say that Luban created the pavilion, that is, the base on which the door knocker is installed. In ancient times, it was also said that he was responsible for building bridges; his wife Yun invented the umbrella to protect the craftsmen from the sun and rain. Of course, some legends may differ from historical facts, but they praise the ingenuity of ancient Chinese craftsmen. Lu Ban is regarded as the embodiment of a skilled craftsman, and is even revered as the ancestor of civil engineering craftsmen.