Namely papermaking, compass, gunpowder and printing.
The four great inventions greatly promoted the development of politics, economy and culture in ancient China. and
It has also had a great impact on the history of world civilization development.
British philosopher Francis? Bacon pointed out that printing, gunpowder and compass "changed the whole face and situation of things all over the world: first, academics, second, war, and third, navigation;" And it has caused countless changes: unexpectedly, no sect, no empire or any star has more influence on human affairs than these mechanical discoveries. "
Marx commented: "gunpowder, compass and printing-these are the three great inventions that predicted the arrival of bourgeois society." Gunpowder shattered chivalry, the compass opened the world market and established a colony, while printing became a tool of Protestantism, a means of scientific rejuvenation in general, and the most powerful lever to create the necessary premise of spiritual development. "
Although papermaking was not mentioned, it provided the necessary conditions for the emergence and popularization of printing.
The important position of the four great inventions in the history of human civilization: printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking, are the four great inventions in ancient China and one of the symbols that China has become an ancient civilization. In ancient times, China's science and technology were in the forefront of the world in many aspects. Thousands of years after the 5th century, Europe was in a feudal society. In this long period, China's science and technology has been developing, while Europe's science and technology has stagnated. Only in 15 and 6th centuries, due to the disintegration of feudal system and the gradual formation of capitalist system, modern natural science in Europe was born.
China's four great inventions were introduced to the west one after another before the emergence of modern European civilization, which became "the necessary prerequisite for the development of the bourgeoisie" (the complete works of Marx and Engels), providing a material basis for the bourgeoisie to step onto the political stage: the appearance of printing changed the situation that only monks could study and receive higher education, which facilitated the spread of culture; The use of gunpowder and firearms destroyed feudal castles and helped the bourgeoisie defeat feudal nobles; The arrival of the compass in the hands of European navigators made it possible for them to discover America and sail around the world, which laid the foundation for the bourgeois world trade and the development of workshop handicrafts. In a word, the four great inventions of ancient China left a brilliant page in the history of human science and culture. These great inventions have influenced and benefited the whole world and promoted the progress of human history.
Question 2: What is four great inventions of ancient china? Who is the inventor? make paper
As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-AD 220), before Cai Lun invented "Cai Hou Paper", the embryonic form of paper appeared in China. Early Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-23 AD) paper unearthed from Fangmatan Han Tomb in Tianshui, Gansu, China, is the earliest paper found so far. In addition, ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty was also unearthed in Lop Nur and Xi Baqiao, Xinjiang. But these papers are rough, and the raw materials are hemp or silk floss.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty AD 105, eunuch Cai Lun summarized and improved the paper-making technology since the Western Han Dynasty. Taking bark, rags, hemp heads and fishing nets as raw materials, combined with a whole set of processes of retting, ramming and copying, he created a kind of plant fiber paper called "Cai Hou Paper". Since then, paper has gradually replaced bamboo tubes and silk as the main writing material.
Papermaking began to spread eastward to Korea and Japan in the early 7th century (late Sui and early Tang Dynasties). In the 8th century, it was introduced from the west to Samarkand, which was later * * *, and then to Baghdad. 10 century to Damascus and Cairo; 1 1 century was introduced to Morocco; /kloc-was introduced to India in the 0/3rd century; From14th century to Italy, many cities in Italy built paper mills, which became an important base for the spread of papermaking in Europe, and then spread to Germany and Britain. /kloc-was introduced to Russia and Holland in the 6th century; /kloc-spread to Britain in the 0/7th century; It was introduced to Canada in the19th century. The invention and spread of papermaking greatly reduced the carrier cost of words and realized the popularization of knowledge among the common people, thus greatly promoting the development of science, technology and economy in the world.
The invention of papermaking is not only a great change in book-making materials, but also of epoch-making significance in the history of human civilization.
Pyrotechnics
The invention of gunpowder is closely related to the developed smelting technology in ancient China. In the process of smelting metals, people constantly sum up experience, gradually get in touch with and become familiar with the properties of many minerals, and accumulate rich chemical knowledge. From the Warring States Period (403 BC-22 BC1year), some people applied metallurgical technology to refine mineral medicine, dreaming of refining elixir, while others wanted to extract gold and silver from minerals. Although no elixir of life or gold and silver were produced, alchemists found that saltpeter, sulfur and carbonaceous materials reacted violently when heated together. In the explosion, people gradually realized that saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal would be made into explosive powder according to a certain proportion.
The exact time of the invention of gunpowder cannot be verified, but it can be inferred from the data that the time of the invention of gunpowder should be before the Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~ 907). Because the color of this powder is black, it is called "black powder" At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. The earliest gunpowder weapons were Fei Huo or rocket. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties (960 ~ 1368), gunpowder was widely used in the military, and many gunpowder weapons appeared, mainly including rockets, ware, muskets and artillery. During the Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1644), there were gear-controlled trigger lightning and line-incense-controlled timing lightning.
During the Yuan Dynasty (1279 ~ 1368), gunpowder spread to Europe, which caused a series of important changes in weapons manufacturing and strategy and tactics, and had an important impact on the social and economic fields in Europe.
compass
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China (722 BC ~ 22 BC1year), people discovered magnets when looking for iron ore and knew their special properties. During the Warring States Period (403 BC ~ 22 BC1year), people began to use magnets to make a directional tool-Sina. Sina is made into a spoon shape. When in use, put it in the middle of a smooth and horizontal chassis, and move its handle by hand to make it rotate. When it stops, the handle points south and the mouth points north.
At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127), people discovered the artificial magnetization method, and made magnetic needles by rubbing steel needles with natural magnets. This magnetized steel needle is officially called a compass (because the axis of the magnetic needle is influenced by the earth's magnetic pole, the included angle between the geomagnetic axis and the earth's rotation axis is greater than 1 1 degree, so the north-south direction indicated by the magnetic needle is actually the north-south direction of the earth's magnetic pole). There are many ways to make a compass, some floating on the water, some on the edge of a bowl, some on your nails, and some hanging in the air with a thread. But the more accurate compass is to install the magnetic needle on the compass engraved with the direction, so the compass is also called the compass. Song dynasty (960 ~ 1279) and ... & gt
Question 3: What are there in four great inventions of ancient china? Four great inventions: movable type printing, compass, papermaking and gunpowder.
Among them, papermaking was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in Song Dynasty.
The inventor of the compass (compass) is unknown, but it is said that it was invented by the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou, which is used to distinguish the direction and is called the south guide car;
Gunpowder is said to have been invented by alchemists (Taoists) and made by Ge Hong in Jin Dynasty.
Question 4: What are the four great inventions of ancient China? The English version of the four great inventions is called "Four Great Inventions".
The English name of "Papermaking" is "papermaking"
The English name of "Gunpowder" is "gun powder"
The English name of "printing" is "Priniting Technique"
The English name of "compass" is "pass"
Question 5: Who invented four great inventions of ancient china? Which dynasty? According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor fought Chiyou, the compass was used to identify the marching direction. The compass is actually a mechanical device. When the compass moves, the fairy's fingers point in the same direction. The principle of making a compass is different from that of using magnetic force to indicate direction. During the Warring States period, there was an instrument Sina, which really used the magnetic force of magnets to indicate the direction. Papermaking was invented in block printing in the Western Han Dynasty. Who is the pioneer of block printing in the world? 1968, the Clean Diamond Sutra, printed in the Wu and Zhou Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, was discovered in Gyeongju, South Korea, which triggered a debate in international academic circles about whether China was the originator of block printing. Pan Jixing, a famous historian of science and technology in China, confirmed that the print was printed in Chang 'an, China, and there were earlier prints in China, which proved that China's block printing began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and China was a well-deserved pioneer of block printing in the world. Experts in the history of science and technology believe that movable type printing existed in China as early as the Song Dynasty, but the large-scale collation and publication of ancient books in the Ming and Qing Dynasties still used block printing instead of movable type printing, which shows the important position of block printing in cultural communication at that time. During the Northern Song Dynasty, movable type printing and gunpowder appeared in China.
Question 6: What is four great inventions of ancient china? Four great inventions: 1. Paper making II. Printing 3. Compass 4. Gunpowder
Main inventions: armillary sphere, seismograph, sericulture, spinning, weaving, porcelain, pottery, ironware, football (called cuju in ancient times) and so on. Looking forward to the creation and development of medicine, three-strand, four-string and five-number calendars, astronomy, abacus and the Book of Changes are the greatest creations and inventions in the East.
Question 7: What are gunpowder, papermaking, compass and printing in four great inventions of ancient china? The four great inventions are a series of glorious footprints left by China's ancient ancestors to the world, and they are symbols of great contributions made by human civilization and progress.
(1) the invention of papermaking: it provided economical and convenient writing materials for human beings and set off a revolution of human writing carrier;
The invention of block printing greatly promoted the spread of culture;
(3) The invention of the compass provided conditions for the navigation activities of European navigators;
(4) Invention of gunpowder weapons: The use of gunpowder weapons changed the way of fighting, helped the European bourgeoisie to destroy feudal fortresses and accelerated the historical process in Europe.
Question 8: What is the era in four great inventions of ancient china? Papermaking was Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. . Valuable, although there is paper. . But the cost is too high. . Can not be popularized. . So bamboo slips were still used at that time. Movable type printing was invented by life in the Northern Song Dynasty. . . What is valuable is the extremely inefficient block printing. . In the late Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was used in war. I didn't know the specific invention until I quarreled. . . There is no clear record that the word compass was called compass in Song Dynasty. . The valuable one is Sina. . . . . There is also a legend that the Yellow Emperor invented the compass. . But it's called a guide car. . The Yellow Emperor broke the magic of possession with a compass in The Valve for Deer. . . This established China's orthodox position. . All right. Seek the best answer. . . thank you
Question 9: What is the historical significance of four great inventions of ancient china? The four great inventions are a series of glorious footprints left by the Han ancestors in China to the world, symbols of great contributions made by human civilization and progress, and indirectly accelerated the globalization process of human history.
(1) the invention of papermaking: it provided economical and convenient writing materials for human beings and set off a revolution of human writing carrier;
The invention of block printing greatly promoted the spread of culture;
(3) The invention of the compass provided conditions for the navigation activities of European navigators;
(4) Invention of gunpowder weapons: The use of gunpowder weapons changed the way of fighting, helped the European bourgeoisie to destroy feudal fortresses and accelerated the historical process in Europe.