The Korean peninsula has a long history, but for a long time, it was a country with only its own language and no national characters. Around the 3rd century AD, Chinese characters were introduced into Korea, and later the Korean language was recorded by the sound and meaning of Chinese characters, that is, "official reading". However, due to the influence of feudal social hierarchy. Most people who can learn and use Chinese characters are aristocrats, and it is difficult for ordinary people to get in touch with them. Moreover, some "official reading texts" created by combining Chinese characters are not suitable for the phonetic system and grammatical structure of Korean, so it is sometimes difficult to mark Korean accurately. Therefore, at that time, people very much hoped to have a text that was not only suitable for Korean phonetic system and grammatical structure, but also easy to learn. From the perspective of the ruling class, in order to facilitate the people to implement their own ruling policies, it is also necessary to invent a phonetic notation that is easy for the people to master. In this way, under the active advocacy of Wang Shizong, the fourth generation country of the Korean Dynasty, a group of outstanding scholars, such as Zheng Linzhi, Shen, Cui Heng and Cheng Sanwen, created 1444 Korean characters consisting of 28 letters on the basis of studying the phonology of Korean and some foreign characters for many years. During this period, Korean scholars came to China many times to study tonality in Ming Dynasty. 1446, North Korea officially released the created Korean characters called "training people to pronounce correctly", which means teaching people to pronounce correctly. After the invention of new characters, King Sejong advocated the use of "training people to correct their pronunciation" in official documents and personal letters, and ordered the creation of "Dragonfly is the Song of the Sky" with "training people to correct their pronunciation". He also took "training people's correct pronunciation" as a compulsory subject for officials in imperial examinations, and engraved "training people's correct pronunciation" on coins. The creation of Xun Min Andrew provides a good condition for the development of Korean characters and Korean literature.
The emperors of the Korean era deeply understood the importance of the language environment. In order to enable Korean sinology teachers to learn pure and authentic Chinese, they repeatedly applied to the Ming Dynasty to send overseas students. After being denied by the Ming government, they had to "curve study abroad" in other ways. On the one hand, China students and apprentices are mixed together as members of the mission to familiarize them with the language environment and master fresh languages; On the other hand, a large number of overseas students were sent to Liaodong in a folk way. According to Volume 62 of Records of Sejong, "Take twenty sons and still teach them to translate Chinese. Every time the special envoy goes to Beijing, he will be sent to perform official duties. " (This newspaper1Feb15th) According to Sejong's records, "Cheng Yuan Wen was a scholar, and according to the official regulations, Liaodong was sent in to teach China." (Volume 871February 2 1 day) It is worth mentioning that in order to ensure the scientific nature of Chinese studies education, the Korean Li Dynasty established a quality officer system. The so-called "quality officer" is to ask experts to solve problems and make inspections and modifications. Most of them are senior sinologists in the Li Dynasty in North Korea, and their quality correction contents are extremely rich, including rhymes, official texts, teaching materials and so on. "Do you know that Li Bian, an official of Wencheng Academy, and Cao Zheng, an official of Jin Lang, question that Zhijie Primary School is like Liaodong?" Japanese people have been studying China culture for a long time, including ancient Wuyin, Chinese Phonetics, Tang and Song Phonetics and so on.
Five tones: Five tones are the earliest pronunciation of Chinese characters in Japan. Mainly the envoys sent by Japan to the Sui Dynasty before the Nara era, that is, Japanese students or monks (monks) sent by the Japanese court to study in China in the Southern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty, and the pronunciation of Buddhist classics or ancient books they brought back to Japan. Therefore, the Japanese classic oono-yasumaru (ぉぉのやすまろ) includes myths, legends and ballads. And recorded the reasons for Japan's reunification with the emperor as the center. 7 12, the oldest existing history book in Japan) and Ye Wan Collection (the oldest poetry collection in Japan, 20 volumes, 4,500 poems, 759 years) are all read in five tones. These pronunciations are mainly passed down to this day in Buddhist classics or Chinese medicine terms.
Hanyin: After five tones, a so-called Chinese pronunciation is popular in Japan. These pronunciations were mainly formed by envoys or students sent to the Tang Dynasty in the last years of Nara and the early years of Ping 'an, imitating the pronunciations of Chang 'an area from the 9th century to10th century. These envoys thought that the pronunciation they brought back was the real pronunciation, so in order to distinguish it from the previous pronunciation, they called the pronunciation of this era "Chinese pronunciation". The Japanese Minister (とねりしんのぅぅ, the oldest official history written by the imperial court in 720, written in Chinese with many modifiers) was written in Chinese. Most Japanese characters are pronounced with "Chinese pronunciation".
Sound of Tang and Song Dynasties: The sound of Tang and Song Dynasties refers to the sound of food and utensils brought back by monks and businessmen from Kamakura, China to Muromachi during the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. It turns out that all the sounds at that time were the pronunciations of the Song and Yuan Dynasties in China at that time, which should be called "Song vowels". However, because of the prosperity and civilization of the Tang Dynasty before that, even in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Japanese still called it "Tang and Song Tones". Specific examples, such as eating "wonton" is called "ぅどん udon noodles", gold is called "きんす golden millet", satin is called "どんす Dongsu", and chairs.
Compatriots often speak the similarities between Japanese and Wu, Cantonese and Min languages. Sometimes, some people think that Shanghainese, Cantonese and Min dialects are really like Japanese. In fact, we should speak Japanese like Wu, like Cantonese, like Minnan.