Ruan Ji lost his father at the age of 4, and his family was poor and thrifty. Ruan Ji has the ambition to help the world politically. He once went to Guangwu City to observe the Chu-Han battlefield and lamented that "there was no hero at that time, and Lizi became famous!" When Cao was dead, Cao Shuang and Sima Yi assisted Cao Fang. The two men are intrigued and the political situation is very sinister. Cao Shuang once called Ruan Ji to join the army, but he resigned due to illness. Ten years ago (249), Cao Shuang was killed by Sima Yi, who was in charge of state affairs. Sima killed dissidents, and many people were implicated. Ruan Ji was politically inclined to the royal family of Cao Wei and was dissatisfied with Sima Group, but at the same time he felt that there was no reason in the world, so he adopted an attitude of not causing trouble and preserving his sanity, or studying behind closed doors, climbing mountains near the water, getting drunk, or keeping his mouth shut. Zhong Hui is Sima's confidant. He has repeatedly asked Ruan Ji about current affairs, but Ruan Ji was exempted on the grounds of drunkenness. Si Mazhao himself has talked with him many times to sound out his political views. He always tries to deal with the past in a profound way, and he doesn't care about people, which makes Si Mazhao have to say that Ruan Sizong is cautious. Si Mazhao also wanted to marry Ruan Ji, who was drunk for 60 days, making it impossible. But in some cases, Ruan Ji was forced by Sima's arrogance and had to perfunctory. He accepted the official position granted by Sima Jia, worked as a lieutenant under Sima Jia's father and son, and worked as a footman and a captain of the infantry, so he was later called "Ruan Infantry". He was also forced to write "Persuade Jinwen" for Si Mazhao's self-styled Gong Jin and prepare wine Xi. Therefore, Sima adopted a tolerant attitude towards him, and did not pursue all kinds of madness and etiquette violations, and finally died.
Ideologically, Ruan Ji worships Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. On the one hand, in view of the sinister political situation at that time, he needed to adopt a modest attitude towards life, and Taoist thought could just become his spiritual pillar, on the other hand, it was also influenced by the prevalence of metaphysics at that time. Ruan Ji was also an important figure in metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He wrote two famous papers, On the Old and On the Big Village. However, Ruan Ji is not a pure Taoist, and he does not completely reject Confucianism. For example, in "On Music", he fully affirmed the necessity of "changing customs" of Confucius and the system of rites and music, and thought that "the ceremony should set its image, set its heart, rule its outside, control its inside, make the ceremony and music just, and make the world peaceful".
Fu Hewen wrote 6 works by Ruan Ji, 9 complete essays and more than 90 poems. His poems are all short stories, or chanting things, or narrating ambitions, with different contents. "Qing Si Fu" said, "If you are empty, then the gods and things will gather; Floating □ trance, the hole is hidden; If the ice heart is like jade, then think about it in a clean way; If you are indifferent, you will feel at ease and be ambitious, and you will write the realm of' clear thinking'. " Shouyangshan Fu praised Boyi and Shu Qi's spirit of respecting honor and modesty. At the end of Fu, it is said that "the meaning of words is consistent with the outside, the thinking is long, and the ambition is far away", which shows that the author is in harmony with the ancients. The theme of Song of Owls is that owls are harmed by dogs, which reflects the author's own fear of disasters in real life. On the other hand, Fu on Macaques criticizes the snobs in society, and obviously satirizes "polite people". The above two poems about objects are short and pithy, concise, written by metonymy, vivid and realistic, and they are excellent works in Ruan Ji's poems.
Ruan Ji's essays all expounded his philosophical thoughts, which comprehensively reflected his thoughts such as On the Old, On Zhuangzi, On Change and On Music. These essays are written in the form of questions and answers, and the protagonists are Ruanzi, Mr. Ruan or Mr. Therefore, from these articles, readers can see the metaphysical image created by the author for themselves. The article pays attention to the logical level of structure, generally takes care of it from beginning to end, demonstrates it step by step, and is good at making abstract and essential analysis, which embodies the progress of thinking mode in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Their language style is simple and solemn, without the decoration of Shang Hua, but slightly parallel.
Biography of Mr. Adult is the longest extant work of Ruan Ji, with more than 4,000 words. According to "Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin", this work was written by Ruan Ji after visiting Sun Deng in Sumenshan. The so-called "adult" is immortal, which is the so-called "adult fu". The style is similar to his essays, and it is also carried out in a difficult way. But the protagonist is no longer "Mr. Ruan", but "Mr. Adult" who is "the unity of heaven and man" and "slightly changed". On the one hand, the article expounds the purport of being famous and letting nature take its course, on the other hand, it also satirizes the secular mediocrity, especially in the first conversation with the "gentleman", whose sharp thoughts can only be seen in Ruan Ji's works. From an artistic point of view, this article is also the best of Ruan Ji's prose. In particular, the fable of "there are lice in the middle" is vivid and profound, which is obviously influenced by the style of Zhuangzi. At the end of this story, the author wrote: "If you are a gentleman, you are no different from your husband!" Strongly expressed his hatred of "the gentleman of propriety and law". In the use of language, this article has neat syllables and basically rhymes. Sometimes there are dialogues, and some places are arranged in many places, which is close to the style of Fu.
Ruan Ji's nostalgic poems represent his major literary achievements. His main works are 82 five-character poems. In addition, there is also the word "Huaishi", and there are 13 songs today. The specific writing time and background of these poems have been difficult to verify. Generally speaking, they are not temporary works, but include the works of different periods in their lives, with the general title of "Yong Huai". Poems are all lyric works. Ruan Ji lives in a special political environment, and his unique personality and attitude towards life make his poems look very unique. Shan Li quoted such a sentence in Selected Works: "If an heir is an official in chaos, he is often afraid of being slandered and suffering disaster. Therefore, he sang loudly, so he worried about his life every time. " Although he is determined to be sarcastic, there are a lot of words that are avoided, and it is difficult to figure out his feelings after a hundred generations. It is pointed out that its content is mainly lamenting life experiences, but it also contains elements of mocking current affairs, and its expression is tortuous and obscure.
The life experience of "Huaishi" can be divided into two aspects. One is to tell his life experience and ideal ambition, and the other is to show his fear of disaster and worry about life. Sometimes these two aspects are written separately, and sometimes they are written together, which is irregular. I mainly write about my life experiences and aspirations, such as the fifth narrative of "All the Life of Teenagers", and my regret and distress for the years to come. /kloc-the first statement in 0/5 years, "In the past 14th Five-Year Plan, my ambition was still good, and poems were written by Yan Hui and Min Zikai", but later I felt that I was rich and famous, and I was hopeless. For example, the story of "I swam across the girder" in 29 and the story of "I learned fencing as a teenager" in 6 1 can all be classified into this category. In addition, some chapters mainly focus on the poet's idea of seeking immortality and seclusion, such as No.81First Immortal and No.74 Immortal □ Senior, which are similar to poems about wandering immortals or seeking seclusion, reflecting Ruan Ji's inner desire to stick to his ambition and not go with the flow, and showing his way to get rid of contradictions and depression. He mainly wrote about fear of disaster and anxiety. For example, 1 describes that the poet stayed up all night, sat up and played the piano in front of the cool breeze and bright moon, and there was a lonely and sad voice in his ear, which made him "sad and sad". The third song "Become a Path under a Beautiful Tree" clearly expresses the heavy mood of "not protecting yourself, let alone loving your wife" in the autumn and winter when everything is dying. In addition, such as 1 1 "Zhanzhan Yangtze River Water", No.47 "A Life of Peace" and No.71"The Tomb of Furong Rongqiu" all have obvious life anxiety. In poetry, there are many eternal lamentations about life, such as Ancient Poems and Jian 'an Poems. Xie Lingyun once said that Cao Zhi was "concerned about the country and the people" (Preface to Poems by Prince Zhong You), and Ruan Ji's father Ruan□ could also write such poems. However, in the Ruan Ji era, the political situation was even more sinister. Combining with his own life experience, he has developed in both ideological depth and performance skills.
"Mocking current affairs" is a rather "hidden" content in Ruan Ji's poems, which makes it difficult to sit down. The predecessors have made a lot of efforts in this regard, and most of them are still difficult to draw a conclusion. Only a few chapters can realize that they are really related to current events or contain opinions on certain facts. For example, 3 1 song "Drive Words to Make Wei the Capital" is about the death of Liang during the Warring States Period, and Chen Ling takes this as an example to "borrow the ancient style to the present". Ming Di is at the end of the road, singing and dancing are dissolute, and he doesn't want a saint to talk about martial arts ... He will die in power if he doesn't die in an enemy country. It's just an immortal Yin sword! "("poem is better than sword ") it is said to be near. However, this poem reveals not only the last years of Ming Di, but the whole late Wei period. Another example is the sixty-seventh song "The System of the Son of Hong Sheng", which is about "Hong Sheng", that is, a scholar. The poem says that they put on a dignified posture by virtue of the system of rites and music and the outline of order, but their words and deeds are hypocritical. The last two sentences say "I am worried about my intestines because of his attitude", which shows the poet's critical attitude towards these "people with manners"
Huai Nan Zi has great artistic charm. Its style is simple, free and easy, and implicit. The reason why this style is formed is that poets do not deliberately carve and temper when writing, but rely on their own feelings to drive away their talents and write naturally. This is what Liu Xie called Ruan Ji Poetry (Wen Xin Diao Long, Cai lue). In addition, the formation of this style is also related to the description of eclecticism and pragmatism, as well as the use of metaphors. Bixing is widely used in Ruan Ji's poems, except for Bixing. Bixing has a wide range of materials, and historical stories, ancient books, myths and legends, and even the immediate scenery are handy. For example, the second song "Second Concubine Wandering by the River" takes the legend of Zheng Jiaofu meeting second concubines as a metaphor to express the feelings of the poet and a friend "how to make friends, once it hurts more". The sixth poem "I heard that the melon in Dongling" is a metaphor for the parallel traces of the Han Dynasty, which sets off the poet's mind that "clothes can last a lifetime, and it is not enough to spoil Lu". 2 1' s song "My heart is full of melancholy clouds" also wrote that flying cranes don't swim in the atrium with quails, to show the poet's determination to disdain interacting with etiquette people. This contrast gives this poem a brilliant style. Moreover, because the metaphors in Ruan's poems are often not very close in idea, they are far away and open, which gives readers a broader associative space and enhances the implicit effect of "words are in the eyes and ears, feelings are in the table" (Zhong Rong's poems).
Scholars like Ruan Ji who influenced and disseminated his works were representative in feudal times. His poems with nostalgia inherited the tradition of Jian 'an poems, made new explorations in the field of five-character poems, and formed a unique artistic style, which was widely valued by future generations. In the history of literature, many poets have imitated "Huaishi". Tao Yuanming, Yu Xin, Chen Ziang, Li Bai and other outstanding poets all draw nutrition from Ruan Ji's poems and enrich their poetic styles.
Ruan Ji's work "Economic History of Sui Shu" is included in 13. The original series has been lost. However, his works have not lost much. Take poetry as an example. Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin records that he wrote more than 80 poems. It seems to have been handed down. There were many editions in Ming Dynasty, among which Zhang Pu's Ruan Infantry Collection was included in 103 collections of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. The Collection of Ruan Ji was edited and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House on 1978. People's Literature Publishing House 1957 published Ruan Infantry's Poems on Huai River with annotations.