The party's support has undoubtedly played a key role in ensuring the long-term development of the Yellow River regulation activities, but the problem of increasing the burden brought by the Yellow River Movement to the people is also quite serious.
Amazing. Historians have, to some extent, studied the burden of the people in the management of the Yellow River in the Northern Song Dynasty. The author tries to make a further study on this issue without superficial.
Discuss it. Please correct me if there is anything wrong.
First, the burden of forced labor in river service.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River regulation was far ahead of the previous generation. Although the Song people boasted that "Song won the world, learned to serve the Xiang army, be a servant, be a servant, be a servant, and have nothing to do with the people", lJ later volume 4,
But the actual situation is far from it. "Half-day River War" in the Northern Song Dynasty [2j IV. Song Dynasty Forever 13 1, most of which are for river management.
Forced labor is still borne by the people. During the Northern Song Dynasty, with the frequent development of the Yellow River regulation, large-scale compulsory labor collection undoubtedly became one of the common demands of the people.
The burden is heavy, which is most obvious in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the battle of the Yellow River has become a difficult battle, and it has been regarded as a fearful road by the people. yellow
The frequent over-repair of river channels directly leads to the situation that "labor costs are rarely wasted" 14 1@. Hedong Road, Hebei West Road, Hebei East Road, Jingdong West Road and JD.COM East Road.
Roads and other places, because they are located in the main areas where the Yellow River floods, impose heavier taxes on the people in their territory. Wang Anshi once said: "Half of the battles in the world lie in the river banks."
"5" [1@ 62], this kind of "riverbank" mainly focuses on the regulation of the Yellow River. In the early Song Dynasty, the recruitment and development of civil servants in the Yellow River were not yet complete and the scale was relatively large.
However, in the first month of the fifth year of Gande (967), in view of the repeated flooding of the Yellow River, Song Ting sent envoys to recruit tens of thousands of people in Jixian County and nearby to build the Yellow River levee.
In Ji Chun, it is normal to end the first thing in the first month. "_2l 186, that is, since then, large-scale recruitment of civilian workers to participate in the Yellow River repair has become a custom quilt.
The type has been created. In July of the fourth year of Kaibao (97 1), Song Ting further clarified the geographical scope of recruiting Yellow River Fu, "It should be in Henan, Daming, Song,
Hao, Su, Ying, Qing, Xu, Yan, Yun, Cao, Pu, Dan, Cai, Chen, Xu, Ru, Deng, Ji, Wei, Zi, Wei, Bin, Cang, De, Bei, Ji, Yi, Huai and Meng.
The armies of Zhen, Bo, Ying, Mo, Shen, Yang, Tai, Chu, Sizhou and Gaoyou copied Ding 13, so it is advisable to order the judges of each state to go separately and make a detailed investigation with the auxiliary [children] of each county, regardless of the master.
Households, cattle customers, small customers, make a thorough copy "6[]4994. This list of Ding 'er became an important basis for levying Ding's mansion to serve the river in Song Dynasty. The first year of Tianxi (10 17)
In December, Song Ting began to stipulate that all states in Gyeonggi should build river banks. "You can't transfer Ding Fu, knowing that the sergeant will take it" [2 12090]. This record seems to indicate that since then,
River service will be entirely undertaken by soldiers. But in fact, in the later period of the Yellow River regulation in Song Dynasty, the recruitment of civilian workers continued. Not only that, it
Date of receipt: 2011-08-28.
Fund Project: Hebei Social Science Fund "Research on Yellow River Flood Control and Water Resources Development in Northern Song Dynasty" (HB10GJ017); National Social Science Fund "Flood Control and Water Control of the Yellow River in Northern Song Dynasty"
Research on resource development "(1 1BZS059).
About the author: Guo Zhian (1973 I), male, from Luannan, Hebei Province, associate professor, doctor of history, mainly engaged in the study of Song history.
(1) such as Liang taiji's collection and development of the civil service system in the Song Dynasty, which involves the scope, scale and development of the civil service system in the Yellow River defense in the Northern Song Dynasty (planted in the Collection of Song History Studies,
Journal, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House,1986); Cheng Minsheng's article "A Study on Heavy Taxes in the Ancient North of China" briefly discusses the heavy taxes on the Yellow River in the Northern Song Dynasty (published in Literature, History and Philosophy in 2OO3)
The scale of taxation is usually quite large. In November of the seventh year of Xining (1074), Deng Runfu, a member of Zhijian Academy, said that the Yellow River burst in Caocun, and the court did it.
As many as 500 thousand civilian workers were transferred [7 130 ~]. Yuan {; Three years (1088), Hebei Road, JD.COM Road, Huainan Road and other places have been hit by disasters for several years.
A large number of people are engaged in the maintenance of riverbanks, and they are gathering people. "If the road is insufficient, it will be adjacent to the road, and if the road is insufficient, it will be Huainan" I8]z294. This yellow river service adjustment
The method of collecting local roads, secondary roads and adjacent roads first, and then dividing them into distant roads such as Huainan; This is also a practice in the management of the Yellow River. Therefore, in the first year of Tianxi, "nothing"
The ban on "transferring Ding Fu" can only be a dead letter. At the same time, in order to ensure the normal operation of the Yellow River service, the management of the Yellow River service in the Song Dynasty has become increasingly strict.
To Yuan {; During the seven-year period (1092), Song Ting stipulated that, starting from the following year, "there will be 100,000 people in each river to defend against spring, except for the recruitment of ditch". The following September, Song.
The court also clearly stipulated the service period of Chunfu and other river workers, that is, "the January limit of Chunfu shall not be reduced by three days, and it shall not be used until the night is unknown." such as
Violation, officials violate the system "6[ 17555].
In addition to the form of river servant system, with the development of society and the change of labor system in the Northern Song Dynasty, it also collected labor services for the management and maintenance of the Yellow River
Gradually, some civilian workers were hired to participate in river management with stakes and other funds. "The imperial court sealed piles for border defense, river defense and emergency use" [9955]. Xining
10 years ago (1077), the recruitment of Huanghe Hefu only implemented the servant system, and there was no recruitment system. During Ye Xining's ten-year campaign of Caocun village in the Yellow River, because of its river,
The scale of husband recruitment is huge. "As far away as JD.COM, west and Huainan, it's a long way, so old friends can't go one by one. Therefore, it is a service to let Xu Min pay money to fill the employment [value]. "
It is regarded as the beginning of the Yellow River recruitment system, and then this practice is gradually improved and expanded. In the development of Yellow River service, civilian personnel will be really employed.
As a formally established system, it was not until the third year of Zhan (1088) that N-F was finally realized. "At first, the old system was changed to the new system, because Cao Cun was not.
A common example is the permanent method of all roads "[9 1 Qu. By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, He Fu's recruitment system had been implemented. On the dominant position of the yellow river servant system.
At present, the recruitment system can play a certain auxiliary role in He Fu's recruitment and development. However, we should also see that some Yellow River laborers and hired civilian workers actually exist in name only. When Yuan Fengnian asked, Su Zhe criticized the Yellow River for compulsory labor and employment "in the name of loving the people, it is actually stripping the yin". Yuan {; Five years later (1090), Liang Tao also pointed out that "the hired husband is just a title".
While recruiting people, the difference is actually "2[ 1]. Therefore, recruiting He Fu from the Yellow River is not only a useful supplement to forced labor in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also in its concrete implementation.
Gradually transformed into another form of human labor burden.
Second, the burden of raising river transport materials.
With the frequent development of river course, there is a high demand for the scale and timeliness of obtaining materials needed for river course regulation. In order to improve large-scale materials,
With the extensive participation of the people, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty organized a large number of civilian workers to raise materials all the year round. "Qiu Meng often pre-adjusts what the government handles, such as firewood and firewood.
There are more than 10 million trees, bamboo stones, bamboo ropes and bamboos, which are called "materials" in spring, that is, materials prepared for river regulation in the following spring every autumn. In certain sexual intercourse
During the working period, often near the spring "material" producing areas along the Yellow River, the imperial court sent envoys to "take advantage of the gap between farming and local river officials to lead the government water conservancy projects and collect them for later use" [8 12265]. follow
With the in-depth development of river regulation activities and the massive consumption of materials, the scope of material collection has gradually expanded to deep mountain areas. For example, the ninth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 16),
The imperial court once mobilized 8,000 civilian workers to cut down the forests along the Yellow River for one month, and "harvested about 900,000 shoots" 6 [] 7,535, showing the importance of its cutting power. sky
In the first year of the jubilee (10 17), Song Ting also claimed in the imperial edict that the timber used by the Huangzhou Army in this frontier was also cut by the "perennial adjustment" in 2087.
By the way. In preparation for the Yellow River to hoard the top of the mountain, Song Ting recruited people from Shaanxi, Guo, Xiezhou, Jiangzhou and Zezhou all the year round.
Long-term large-scale logging has led to the formation of "sparse forests" in these areas. Among the feeding materials, including river water.
The felling of trees along the coast is also borne by the people. For example, in the early years of Dazhong Xiangfu, when Han organized the rescue of the Yellow River flood, he called the riverside people.
Many volumes of Chopping Wood 1 successfully stopped the river. As for the transportation of materials for river regulation, it is also inseparable from the extensive participation of the people. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), in the process of transporting materials from the Yellow River, Song Ting "paid Xiuzhou to repair the river" [6]5643. In the early years of Xining, bamboo and wood in Baoji County, Fengxiang Prefecture was also cited.
Yao Shunxian, the owner, is responsible for supervising the waterway transportation from river stakes to Kaifeng with his own property as collateral [6 15560].
In addition, people must plant and pay a lot of materials according to relevant regulations. For example, in the third year of Xianping (1000), Song Ting once asked the people of Hebei to plant elm willows widely.
Material use "[2 1. In the fourth year of Tianxi (1020), in order to block the Yellow River in the state, "each state gave tens of millions of salaries to rocks, ferns and bamboos" [12 182]. Tiansheng first year
(1023) In order to raise the materials needed to repair the gap in Slug Slip State, the imperial court "allocated tens of millions of plugs in JD.COM and Jingxi Road" [1lltso8], and later, under the dissuasion of Wang Qinruo,
Suspension of recruitment. In the preparation of vetch grass, Song Ting also set up a relatively fixed "vetch land", which was specially responsible for cultivating materials serving the Yellow River. Such as zhe zong Chao, Wang Zhao
When he was in Zhihua State, he said, "The beaches of counties and counties are more than 100 hectares. When the people were twenty years old, they cut to the (yellow) river bank, and the people were ill. (Wang) invited people to rent it and took the rest" [8 19 189].
Third, the economic burden in river service.
The perennial management of the Yellow River in the Northern Song Dynasty undoubtedly consumed huge social wealth. "Since ancient times, the only person who has done his best to serve the river is this dynasty" [8 123 1o, which shows the king of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The manpower, material resources and financial resources invested by North Korea in harnessing the Yellow River. As far as the financial cost of river regulation is concerned, except for the three central departments and local governments.
In addition to financial input, private financial support is also an important part. In order to maintain the continuous development of river regulation activities, Song Ting has continuously invested a lot of financial resources. For example, in the early days of Injong's accession to the throne, Cui Li was ordered when Huidong was blocked by the river.
At that time, the material consumption was huge. "People who caught a few roads were disturbed by the department. They spent most of their time on business trips and paid a lot of money, but there were still hundreds."
Ten thousand "1 12] volume. In December of the eighth year of Li Qing (1048), Jia Changchao, the judge of Daming Mansion, also pointed out: "The imperial court used the fundamental land of Shuofang to prepare the Khitan, and used the money to support the strategist.
Among them, Cang, Di, Bin and Qi are the thickest. If you decide for yourself, you will lose half of your money and profits. If you fail in business, you will lose [2 139"r7] in all likelihood. Therefore, in order to cope with the wanton flooding of the Yellow River, the Song Dynasty
The wealth loss of the people in the northern region is considerable. For example, Jingxi Road, its expenditure on river prevention and control is particularly prominent, and financial resources alone are not enough to cope with the governance.
River, often need the help of the court, or "use his money to help its shortage" L3 "1"volume. During the Yuanfeng period, when Lu criticized the state affairs, he also regarded the expenses of river defense as the expenses of the "state".
"Six Cases Expenses" is one of four volumes. In the comments of scholar-officials in the Northern Song Dynasty, this kind of criticism of the Yellow River management and the loss of huge wealth can be found everywhere. Yuan {; Spend two years
(1087) Wang Yanshou claimed that, as far as Hebei transshipment company is concerned, the cost of river management in that year was "one million trapped rent" 8 [] 229 O. The following year, Su Zhe pointed out that the self-repairing river was established.
Since its establishment, only the court has paid more than 490,000 yuan in cash for the Yellow River War, but "other public and private expenditures are still not included in this figure". Yuan accounted for seven years (1092
Zhao Fu also said that Song Tinglan returned to Donghe for three years and paid a great price for it. "Work and expenses have been stirred for a long time" [8 1230 1. Fan Zuyu and others also have it.
Severely criticized the "self-trapped people and self-exhausted country"15 "M movement, which caused the people in Hebei Road and Jingdong West Road to suffer. Generally speaking, the Northern Song Dynasty opened river transportation for a long time.
Exhibition, so that the government and the people are burdened with a heavy economic burden, and this burden is undoubtedly transferred to the people in the end. To and two years (1055),
Ouyang Xiu criticized the serious economic consequences caused by the river serving the people. "The people are miserable and full of hardships. Or things have been lost, or people are on the road "[8 12267].
Until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty frequently built a huge Yellow River Campaign, which also made many people bankrupt.
In the process of raising materials for river regulation, Song Ting often used the forms of replacing flowers with trees and bending them to make people exchange other taxes for materials or transport them.
Going to the area designated by the government will naturally further increase the burden on the people. For example, in the third year of Tianxi (10 19), Song Ting paid salaries to the people in Kaifeng counties.
The task of repairing rivers, elms, willows and miscellaneous bamboo shoots was ridiculed as "autumn tax discount for middle-sized households and above", that is, the autumn tax originally paid by the people was changed to collect trees. Tiansheng three years (1025
In), the court also ordered that the second tax paid by households in Hebei and Luzhong should be converted into the tip of the Yellow River and "limited to the end of November this year" [12376]. And since the Yellow River burst its banks, the dragon arrived at the scene {; In the first month of the following year (1035), Hebei and jingdong west road "collected more than 5 million private rents" [2 127 19. Fan Chunren Ning JaeHee
In the second year (1069), it was also mentioned that Song Ting sent 20,000 civilian workers to Xijing, Guozhou, Jiezhou and other places in Shaanxi every year to collect dead branches of the Yellow River, but because the dead branches were in the mountains,
Wood was "mostly cut down by residents here before people arrived", so that civilian workers were forced to buy it at a high price from local residents, and the government had difficulty in paying for it.
The cost is very high, each husband counts seven or eight quarters, and the poor have to sell themselves for their husbands. "06 1~~. It can be seen that in the process of raising materials for river regulation, the people were also deeply influenced by the court.
A lot of exploitation, this kind of labor burden has actually been partially transformed into the economic burden of the people.
In the long-term development of the Yellow River affairs, sometimes due to the huge river affairs and long construction period, there is a serious shortage of river workers. The Yellow River in the Abundant Period of JaeHee.
With the implementation of the exemption law, he was allowed to pay for exemption, and Song Ting could use the collected exemption money to hire some. From a certain process
To some extent, this is actually a part of the labor burden that was originally borne by the people into an economic burden. As an aspect of military service reform in Wang Anshi's political reform,
This measure was vigorously carried out during Zaixi's rich period and thereafter, and basically lasted until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. "The Yellow River is old, so it is transferred to build dikes, and those who are not in service lose money." 8[ 142~.
For example, in December of the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084), Jingxi Yunsi said, "Every year in the west of Jingxi, you have to pay money, buy it from Luokou, and go to Bazhou on the south road.
Tong, Tang, Lao Bufu, Jin, Cao Jun, Ying, Deng, and Xiang Zhou Ding Shaofu wanted to apply for the exemption of husband's money, and Zhou Jun of Hebei also "16]75~, and this proposal was immediately passed by the court.
Approved. Yuan j; In five years (1090), Lu Dafang and others returned to the battle of Hedong Liu. "Hard work is great, because it is paid by my husband" [2 1'7~0, once in JD.COM Road and Hebei Road near the Yellow River.
500 miles and 500 miles away from the shore, paying for her husband B, with the implementation of paying for exemption, its spread gradually expanded. Seven years of Zhiyuan Xi
(1092) At the suggestion of the Water Superintendent, Song Ting no longer limited the geographical scope of paying the husband-free money, and people could voluntarily choose to serve in the river or accept the husband-free money 2 [1 137].
Mr. Wang Shengduo pointed out in his Financial History of Song Dynasty that Yuan J; Seven years later (1092), almost every year, hundreds of thousands of people were recruited, which also contained the Song Dynasty.
Ding's intention is to alleviate financial difficulties. At the same time, this policy has been attacked and opposed by conservatives since its introduction. For example, during the Yuanfeng period,
When Liu Yi was promoted in Jiangxi, he severely criticized Song Ting for serving the Yellow River in Huainan and amassing a lot of money, saying, "Huainan people have Huang Hefu, and his money is 1,000.
Volume 2 of fl8 of Sixty Households with Husbands shows that the collection scope of husband-free money for river service is quite extensive; In the Yuan Dynasty, Fan Chunren and others also severely criticized the policy of paying for exemption from service in the Yellow River Campaign, thinking that it was "harmed by the people" [2111165439]. Nevertheless, the practice of paying for exemption will be used in the Yellow River in the future.
The development that has still been preserved. In the second year of Daguan (1 108), when Huazhou Fish Pond was in spring, Song Ting began to change all the spring wealth of the Yellow River into tax-free money, "give everything and avoid his husband."
Zhi Zhi [value] "1814 ~", later adjusted to "river defense project, annual service100000, riverside people ... can pay to exempt their husbands, and the next family will contribute to the service" [6 17557, that is, the people.
You can choose to pay, or you can choose to pay. The practice of free payment in river transportation service has been formally established in the form of system. In the last years of Xuanhe, in Wangfu and other places.
At the suggestion of the people, Song Ting promoted the practice of charging the Yellow River service free of charge to the whole country. "The world loses spare money, husband 2000" [8] 4248. It can be seen that river clothes are free of charge.
The collection of money has undergone a transformation from local implementation to large-scale promotion, and its system regulations have gradually become complete and specific. In addition, Shaoxing twenty-six years.
(1056) and 28 years (1058), the Southern Song Dynasty ordered that "all states are not required to ask for money from the Yellow River bamboo" F9 "T" and "ten states in Guangnan are forbidden to pay for the Yellow River rattan" l9.
This kind of tax, the people of the Northern Song Dynasty can't escape. Fourth, the people's struggle under the heavy river war.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River river industry was in a state of great urgency, and the heavy economic and labor burden caused by the river industry seriously impacted the vast coastal areas.
In the social life of the people, the people in the north also expressed their resistance to the long-term and heavy burden of river affairs by means of escape and migration. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, in the long run,
Under the oppression of the vast Yellow River, the broad masses of the people suffer greatly, and "always bankrupt" is]23 1 1, even in famine years.
The heavy burden of river service. For example, in the first year of Tianxi (10 17), when there was famine in sliding state and other places, "the river broke the sliding state and fought vigorously against hunger" [8] ~ O74; Wang Anshi is here.
In his poems, he also described the river as "a northerner who lives near the banks of the river and suffers a lot ... this year's drought is thousands of miles red, and the counties are still urging the river to serve" [2o 1579. A record like this,
It is undoubtedly a true portrayal of the suffering of the broad masses of people in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In the grim situation of the river, a large number of people fled.
Avoid the consideration of heavy river affairs and move a lot to other places. In view of this phenomenon, although the court has banned it many times since the Northern Song Dynasty, it is still impossible
Fundamentally contain. In the first year of Kangding (1040), Ouyang Xiu once pointed out in his performance that "since the west of Beijing, there are countless people who have not cultivated the soil, and unless they are barren, they will be abandoned."
Also, beggars don't work hard in agriculture, and they are forced to work and flee "[2]3068. But objectively speaking, the main reason for this large-scale emigration situation is that "the people don't plow the fields" rather than the reason.
Therefore, it is the key factor of "the husband fled". Yuan {; In the second year (1087), You Sijian and Wang Yi pointedly pointed out the trend of population emigration in Hebei and other places.
In the middle, "those who are worried about their husbands, although not in bad years, also have the intention of migration" [2 19~6. In addition, under the frequent impact of the Yellow River flooding, a large number of farmland was destroyed, making farming unsustainable.
Department, a large number of people moved out under the pressure of livelihood. For example, since the Yellow River burst in Cangzhou in the sixth year of Tiansheng (1028), various regional forms have appeared in its jurisdiction.
Due to the serious waterlogging disaster, the civil fields in Wudi, Raoan, Linjin, Laoling and Yanshan counties could not be cultivated for a long time, resulting in a large number of people moving out 6[]5889.
The impact of the endless Yellow River flood and the oppressive pressure of heavy labor, as well as a large number of wealth losses caused by river services and a substantial increase in taxes, the Ministry
In the case of unsustainable life, some people even openly embarked on the road of armed resistance, which aggravated the social order turmoil in the Northern Song Dynasty. Like a sacred year.
Suddenly, Sima Guang said in his performance: "This year, there were many floods in the official circles, JD.COM and Jingxi, and the law severely punished them to get rid of thieves. I'm also afraid that at the turn of spring and summer, hungry people will gather, which is unavoidable. "[8 149~. Jia {; In October of the sixth year (106 1), Song Ting also claimed that JD.COM Road and Jingxi Road were "more flooded than the previous year, but thieves got up" and ordered these areas to do so.
Our appeasement department, transportation department, prison department and administrative department are responsible for "patrol inspection in controlled places" [4727]. Yuan j; In April of the following year (1087), Su Zhe was there.
The last play also pointed out that "Fujian has been two years ... disaster recommendation, either water or drought ... JD.COM is trapped and thieves start" [15 145o]. People armed opposition like this.
The reason for the resistance is not only the destruction of farmland and poverty caused by the Yellow River flood, but also the heavy labor under the flood.
Generally speaking, the people of the Northern Song Dynasty undoubtedly provided strong human, material and financial support in the long-term development of the Yellow River campaigns in the Northern Song Dynasty, thus ensuring
It hindered the normal operation of river management in the Northern Song Dynasty. But at the same time, with the endless operation of the Yellow River, the masses are also suffering from heavy economic and
Labor burden. Especially in the coastal areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, heavy labor and other burdens have caused serious damage to agricultural cultivation, and a large number of people have flowed out, even
Social problems such as some people's open armed resistance also impacted the society of the Northern Song Dynasty to some extent.
Please adopt it. Thank you.