1. Poems about papermaking
Poems about papermaking 1. Talk about the process of ancient papermaking
Papermaking is an important invention of the ancient Han working people.
There are two forms: mechanical and manual. The mechanism is carried out continuously on the paper machine. The pulp suitable for the paper quality is diluted with water to a certain concentration. It is initially dehydrated in the wire section of the paper machine to form a wet paper sheet, which is then pressed and dehydrated, and then dried into paper.
Manually, a frame with bamboo curtains, polyester mesh or copper mesh is used to copy the fibers dispersed and suspended in water into wet paper pages, which are pressed and dehydrated, and then dried in the sun or oven to form paper. The biggest difference between machine-made and hand-made paper is that because handmade paper is manually beaten, the fibers in the pulp are well preserved; machine-made paper is beaten by machine, and the pulp fibers are broken into pieces.
This makes handmade paper much better than machine-made paper in toughness and tensile strength. Machine-made paper has an uneven distribution of fibers in the longitudinal and transverse directions due to the speed difference between pulp and network. Handmade paper does not have uneven distribution of fibers in the longitudinal and transverse directions. This is especially reflected in paper used for calligraphy and painting (for example: rice paper was originally used as a new material for writing and note-taking.
Before the invention of paper, my country mostly relied on physical materials such as tortoise shells, animal bones, gold and stone, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, and silk inscriptions. Since this century, From the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, a large number of bamboo slips, wooden slips, silk calligraphy, and silk paintings have also been unearthed. However, oracle bones are hard to come by, gold and stone are heavy, silk is expensive, and slips take up a lot of space. Inconvenient to use. With the development of social economy and culture, there is an urgent need to find new writing materials that are cheap and easy to obtain.
After long-term exploration and practice, hemp rope ends, rags, old fishing nets, etc. were finally invented. Plant fiber paper is made from waste linen materials. China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and weave silk.
The working people of the Han nationality use the best silkworm cocoons to weave silk, and use the remaining bad cocoons and diseased cocoons. Silk floss is produced by bleaching method. After bleaching, there will be some residual flocculation left on the bamboo mat.
When the wadding is repeated more times, the residual wadding on the bamboo mat will accumulate into a layer of fiber flakes, which will be dried in the air. It is then peeled off and can be used for writing. The by-product of this kind of bleached wadding is not large, and it is called Hehe or Fang wadding in ancient books.
This shows that the origin of papermaking in Han China is the same as silk wadding. In 105 AD, Cai Lun summarized the experience of his predecessors in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
He greatly improved papermaking using bark, hemp heads, rags, old fishing nets and other raw materials. The quality and production efficiency of paper have expanded the source of paper raw materials, reduced the cost of paper, opened up prospects for paper to replace bamboo, and created favorable conditions for the spread of culture.
About Cai Lun's invention of papermaking. According to ancient records, "Book of the Later Han: Biography of Cai Lun" says: "Since ancient times, deeds have been compiled with bamboo tubes; those who use strings are called paper. The strings are expensive and simple and heavy, which is not convenient for people.
Lun was an inventor who used tree bark, hemp heads, cloth and fishnets to make paper. " Later generations respected him as the inventor of Chinese papermaking.
Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote "China." The first well-organized and systematic dictionary "Shuowen Jiezi" talks about the origin of "paper". He said: "'Paper' comes from the side, which is the side of 'Si'"
This sentence shows that paper at that time was mainly made of silk products, which was completely different from paper in the modern sense. The invention, development and spread of paper also went through a tortuous process
After papermaking was invented in 105 AD, papermaking technology spread from Henan to other economically and culturally developed areas. Cai Lun was granted the title of Longtinghou in Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province, and papermaking technology spread to Hanzhong and gradually spread to Sichuan.
According to Han folklore from Cai Lun’s hometown of Leiyang, Hunan, Cai Lun also taught papermaking to his hometown during his lifetime. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Shandong papermaking was also relatively developed, and there was a papermaking expert named Zuo Bo from Donglai County (now Ye County).
In addition, paper and algae-decorated books were also spread to various ethnic minority areas in the north through the Silk Road. Starting from the Jin Dynasty, famous calligraphers and painters emerged in large numbers in my country, which greatly promoted the development of paper for calligraphy and painting.
For example, the calligrapher Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty greatly improved the paper used for calligraphy and painting during the period of his father and son. The writing paper of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties was made of hemp and Chu leather. The paper surface was coated with starch and white mineral paint and polished.
After the Sui Dynasty unified the north and south, the Tang and Song Dynasties inherited and developed hundreds of years of papermaking achievements, and ushered in the heyday of my country's handmade papermaking in the Tang and Song Dynasties: the popularity of calligraphy, painting and Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty made paper Demand increased sharply, and the raw materials for papermaking expanded to include rattan and mulberry bark. The calligraphy and painting paper is also boiled with starch salt and coated with paint, then waxed, and finally polished and calendered with coarse cloth or stones.
The sutra writing paper was also dyed yellow with barberry to avoid beetles. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Anhui had already adopted the method of sun-drying and night-harvesting to bleach hemp fiber to make paper. The raw paper produced was smooth, translucent and white, and had good durability.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the south of my country was already rich in bamboo paper. Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo and others liked to use bamboo paper for writing. They thought that bamboo paper had bright ink and sharp writing. It was imitated by many literati at that time, thus promoting the development of bamboo paper. develop. The Song Dynasty was not only rich in bamboo paper, but also began to use rice and wheat straw to make paper.
The "Four Pus of the Study" written by Su Yijian of the Northern Song Dynasty records that Zhejiang people used wheat and rice straw to make pulp and combined it with oil cane to make paper.
By the Ming Dynasty, my country's bamboo papermaking technology (referring to manual work) had been perfected. During this era, Song Yingxing's "Tiangong Kaiwu" systematically described the production process of bamboo papermaking, with illustrations of the production equipment and operation process.
This book has been translated into Japanese, French and English and spread to Japan and Europe. It is the earliest book that systematically describes the papermaking technology in my country. After hundreds of years in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, by the middle of the Qing Dynasty, my country's handmade papermaking had become quite developed, with advanced quality and a wide variety of varieties, which became the material conditions for the development and spread of the Chinese nation's culture over thousands of years.
The papermaking industry is a processing industry that mainly provides commodity materials for the packaging, printing and information industries. It is also a general competitive processing industry with a high degree of marketization and nationalization. The development of my country's paper industry is closely related to the national economy and social development, and economic development provides strong support for the development of the paper industry.
The development of the papermaking industry mainly has the following characteristics: 1. Technology-intensive and capital-intensive enterprises. Equipment investment in the papermaking industry accounts for about 60% of the total investment, and the degree of automation is higher than that of the general papermaking industry. ; Every additional 10,000 tons of pulp production capacity requires an investment of about 120-200 million yuan; every additional 10,000 tons of pulp and paperboard requires a capital investment of about 100-120 million yuan, and the output value of 100 yuan occupies the same amount of fixed assets as metallurgy and petroleum , chemical industry is similar. 2. The industry has economies of scale. Due to the large investment in papermaking industry equipment and high fixed costs, expanding scale has become an effective means for enterprises to reduce costs and enhance competitiveness.
3. Depend on resources.