First of all, treaty of nanking.
Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in modern history of China. This Agreement was concluded on August 29th, 842 (July 24th, 22nd year of Daoguang) on/kloc-0.
Treaty of nanking asked China:
1, ceding Hong Kong Island;
2. Compensation for British opium price, commercial arrears and military expenses * * * 21000000 silver dollars;
3. Trade with the five ports, opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls;
4. As for the agreed tariffs, British businessmen should pay import and export taxes and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to decide independently;
5. Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China.
In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops.
Two. the treaty of beijing
The Sino-British Treaty of Beijing was an unequal treaty signed by Britain and the Qing Dynasty in Beijing on June 24th, 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng). This treaty, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty constitute the main body of the Beijing Treaty.
The Sino-British Beijing Treaty was originally called the Sino-British Extension Treaty. Britain forced the Qing government to conclude an unequal treaty and ended the Second Opium War. 1860 (Ten Years of Xianfeng)10/kloc-0 On October 24th, Yi Xin, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, signed a contract with Erkin, the British plenipotentiary. ***9.
In addition to confirming that the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty is still valid, Britain has also expanded its rights and interests of invading China, as follows:
1, the compensation stipulated in the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty was raised to 8 million taels, plus 500,000 taels of pension;
2. Tianjin is open to trade;
3. Allow Britain to recruit China workers to go abroad;
4. Part of Kowloon Division (namely South Kowloon Peninsula, with an area of 1 1. 1 km2) was ceded to Britain.
Three. Special article on expanding Hong Kong's border
The monograph on expanding the boundary of Hong Kong is1the land lease treaty signed by Qing and Britain in Beijing on June 9, 898, north of Kowloon and south of Shenzhen River.
The main contents of the article are as follows: China leased the rest of the Kowloon Peninsula occupied by Britain in 1860 from Shenzhen Bay to Dapeng Bay to Britain for 99 years; During the lease period, the leased land is under the jurisdiction of Britain.
The land area of the concession is 376 square miles, including 286 square miles on the mainland and 90 square miles on the island, which is about 1 1 times larger than that of the former British-controlled Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the water area of the concession is 40-50 times larger than before.
Extended data:
1, the influence of treaty of nanking
The treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in China's modern history. Together with the Charter of Sino-British Trade with Five Ports and the Provisions on the Aftermath of Trade with Five Ports (namely "Humen Treaty"), it has had a great historical impact.
From the social nature, the signing of treaty of nanking made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Politically, the integrity of China's territory and sovereignty was destroyed and it began to lose its political independence.
Economically, due to the economic invasion of foreign capitalism after the war, the self-sufficient economic structure of small-scale peasant economy and cottage industry in China gradually disintegrated, and China's economy gradually became a vassal of world capitalism.
According to the revolutionary historical view, with the change of social nature, the situation of class struggle has also changed. The main social contradiction, from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class, began to change into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation.
The task of social revolution (the object of revolution) has also changed, and the people of China shoulder the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule.
For Britain, the treaty of nanking decided the result of its military aggression. The privileges granted by treaty of nanking and its annexes are conducive to its further expansion of commodity dumping and capital export to China and its economic plunder to China. At the same time, it also facilitated its political control and cultural infiltration in China.
2. The influence of the Beijing Treaty between China and Britain.
The Sino-British Beijing Treaty not only fully confirmed Britain's aggressive rights and interests gained through the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, but also blackmailed China.
Through this treaty, Britain once again occupied territory from China, extorted a large amount of compensation, and once again undermined China's territorial sovereignty. Confirmed the rights of the British envoy to Beijing, so that Britain could interfere with the Qing government nearby.
Tianjin was turned into a trading port, which enabled the western capitalist countries to expand into the political center of China. At the same time, the treaty allowed Chinese workers to go abroad, which legalized the trafficking of Chinese workers by western invaders since the Opium War.
3. The influence of "special terms" on the expansion of Hong Kong's border
After the expiration of the "Special Treaty", the New Territories should have been returned to the Qing government, but the Qing government collapsed and China and Britain began negotiations on the transfer of sovereignty. In the mid-1970s, the business community in Hong Kong began to pay attention to the invalidation of special treaties, worrying about whether the land lease granted by the Hong Kong government in the New Territories could cross 1997 and whether the land lease involving the New Territories would still be valid after 1997. ?
1March, 979, the lease expires in less than 20 years. In order to solve the problem of land lease, Sir MacLehose, the governor of Hong Kong, visited China for the first time, which facilitated the future negotiations of Hong Kong.
Baidu encyclopedia-Hong Kong
Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of nanking
Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-British Beijing Treaty
Baidu Encyclopedia-"Exhibition and Extension of Hong Kong Border"