Papers are often used to refer to articles that conduct research in various academic fields and describe academic research results, which are referred to as papers for short. It is not only a means to discuss problems in academic research, but also a tool to describe academic research results in academic exchanges. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, achievement papers and so on. The following is the punctuation format and symbol usage of the references I compiled for you, hoping to help you!
Not a simple reference format.
1. In the text of the article, if the author's name is quoted as part of the sentence, if there are only two authors, list their names and connect them with AND; If there are more than two authors in this document, only the name of the first author is listed, followed by et al, and there is no comma before et al. In any case, al must be followed by a period.
For example, Bachrach et al. reported that …1.
O 'Brien and Areno found that ... 2
2. When citing multiple documents of a main author, use the author's name, followed by "and colleagues" or "and colleagues".
For example: pauling and colleagues 10, 1 1.
3. References should be inserted in the proper position of sentences.
For example: recent survey (citation)
Other development (cite)
As mentioned earlier (quoted)
The previous result (citation) is proved (citation)
Molecular mechanics research
Marshall and Levitt's Method (Citation)
4, a reference, at least have the following information:
1) periodical: author's name, periodical abbreviation, publication year, volume number and page number;
2) Books: author's or editor's name, title, name of publishing house, publishing city and year;
Example of ACS standard:
Author1; Author 2; Author 3; Article name, periodical abbreviation, year, volume and page number.
Author1; Author 2; Author 3; Periodicals are abbreviated as year, volume and page number.
In ACS format, the publication year should be marked in bold, the publication name should be marked in italics, and the starting page number and ending page number should be connected with-without spaces or commas.
Different journals have different reference formats. Please refer to the requirements of each journal for details (I won't introduce it here, but I will share it with you when I introduce Endnote next time).
5. Abbreviations of periodical names refer to CASSI, which is marked in italics. Generally speaking, journals with one word as their name do not need to be abbreviated, such as Science, Biochemistry, Nature, and abbreviated journal names. Unless the last word is full name or not abbreviated, it will end with a period.
For example, International Journal of Nanoscience is abbreviated as Int, j and Nanosci.
Controlled Release magazine is abbreviated as j and controlled release (the last word is not abbreviated, there is no period)
6. Patents:
Recommended format: patentee1; 2 patentees; Wait, patent name, patent number, date.
For example: Sheem, S, K, Low-cost optical fiber pressure sensor, U.S. Pat. No.6,738,537, May 2004 18.
Tips: The main reference management softwares are Endnote, Mendeley, Noteexpress, etc. , each has its own advantages. Personally, I suggest using Endnote, and the usage of Endnote software will be introduced later.
Selection and usage of punctuation marks
There is no comma before 1, unless there are other special reasons.
Examples: Salcman et al., Salcman, M.J. et al.
The date is followed by a comma. If there is only one month without a date, there is no comma. If the complete year, month and day are given in the sentence, then the year should be followed by a comma.
For example: June 15,1June 996 1996.
18, 1984 In August, an extraordinary man was born.
3. When geographical location is a part of a sentence and it contains a comma, its name should also be followed by a comma.
For example, Iona Island College in New Rochelle, New York is the CEO's alma mater.
4. Unless it causes ambiguity, don't put a period after the unit abbreviation.
Special case: inches. )，atom (at。 ), quantity (number)
5. The abbreviations of names should be separated by periods and spaces, but no spaces are needed in the confirmation part.
For example: J.E. Leonard-Jones M.S. Newman
R. Thanks to Dr. Ross Allen for reading the manuscript carefully.
6. There is no need to add a period after the abbreviation of the organization name.
For example: ACS CNRS NASA
;