Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, Li Shizhen (1565438+July 3, 2008-1593), was born in qi zhou (now Hubei Spring Festival). Li Shizhen's grandfather is a folk "bell-ringing doctor", who walks the streets and rings bells to treat people. Father Li Yanwen inherited his father's career and was a local famous doctor. Li Shizhen studied and read medical books since childhood, and often made house calls with his father to help copy prescriptions. At the age of fourteen, Li Shizhen made up all the students. Later, he failed in three rural examinations. He decided not to pursue fame and gain, but to concentrate on studying medicine with his father.
Li Shizhen was good at learning, cured many incurable diseases and soon became a skilled doctor. In the process of practicing medicine, he found that there are many categories and mixed names in Materia Medica, and there are still many mistakes. Therefore, Li Shizhen made up his mind to rewrite a new Materia Medica.
In order to realize his wish, Li Shizhen read widely, besides medical works, there are numerous books, history, classics, biography, phonology, agricultural nursery, medical skills, astrology, Yuefu, etc., and read 800 Yu Ben before and after. At the same time, Li Shizhen paid attention to on-the-spot investigation, traveled all over his hometown, led his son and disciples to Jiangxi, Anhui, Hebei and other drug producing areas, collected specimens and drew images in the hinterland and mountainous areas, humbly consulted local farmers, fishermen, hunters and woodcutter, and collected many folk prescriptions for treatment.
During the Jiajing period, Li Shizhen cured the son of King Qi Chu of syncope, and then he stayed in Wang Fu and became a temple official in charge of medicine. A few years later, I was transferred to Beijing Hospital. At that time, the superstition of magic was rampant, and some people were keen to find and make elixirs, elixirs, and even had a profound impact on Thai hospitals. Li Shizhen didn't want to go along, so he resigned and returned home. However, this experience in Wang Fu and Taiyuan hospitals will be of great benefit to his future compilation of Compendium of Materia Medica.
After returning home, Li Shizhen set out to compile. On the basis of predecessors' materia medica, combined with new materials collected by himself, he devoted himself to writing, which lasted nearly 30 years and was finally completed in the sixth year of Wanli (1578) at the age of 6 1. Later, it was revised three times in 10, and it was 40 years. Li Shizhen died in the 21st year of Wanli (AD 1593). In the 25th year of Wanli (1596), in the third year after Li Shizhen's death, Compendium of Materia Medica was officially published in Jinling (now Nanjing).
Compendium of Materia Medica (52 volumes) classifies drugs according to their natural properties. The book * * * records 1892 kinds of drugs, 374 kinds more than the previous edition of Materia Medica. In this masterpiece, Li Shizhen gave a detailed description of the preparation, color, taste and main prescription of the drug, with prescriptions 1 1096, pictures 1 160, and * * 1.9 million words. In addition, Compendium of Materia Medica also records a variety of animals, plants and minerals, so it is also a monograph on botany, zoology and mineralogy.
Xu Guangqi and Xu Guangqi (1562- 1633), Shanghainese, Wanli Jinshi, officials of Chongzhen dynasty, ministers of rites, university students of Wen Yuan Pavilion, and cabinet assistant. /kloc-joined Catholicism in 0/603, studied astronomy, calendar, mathematics, water conservancy and other western science and technology under Matteo Ricci, devoted himself to scientific and technological research and diligently wrote. He is an active promoter of introducing and absorbing European science and technology, and has made important contributions to the cultural exchange between China and the West in the17th century.
From thirty-five to thirty-eight years of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1607-16 10), Xu Guangqi returned to his hometown and was troubled by it. During these three years, he soaked in the field to carry out agricultural experiments, summed up many experiences in crop planting, introduction and farming, and wrote agricultural works such as Cotton Planting Law and Bamboo Species in Daiyuan Garden.
From the autumn of forty-one to forty-six years in Wanli of Ming Dynasty (1613-1618), Xu Guangqi went to Tianjin again to cultivate and carry out agricultural experiments. Tomorrow, in the first year of Kai (162 1), I will go to Tianjin again for a larger-scale agricultural experiment, and I have written books such as Records of Northern Farming, Preface to Suitable Farming, and Miscellaneous Agricultural Heritage.
Xu Guangqi's concentrated farming experiments and writing in his hometown and Tianjin laid a solid foundation for his future compilation of large-scale agricultural books.
The following year (1622) tomorrow, Xu Guangqi returned home after recovering from illness. Despite his advanced age, he continued to try to grow crops. At the same time, he began to collect and sort out information, write agricultural books, and realize his lifelong wish.
In the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1628), Xu Guangqi was reinstated, and the first draft of Agricultural Administration Complete Book was completed. However, Xu Guangqi was too busy to attend to the revision of the almanac. 1633 After his death, his master Chen Zilong and others were responsible for the revision, which was printed on 1639 and named as "Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration".
The book is divided into 12 orders, ***60 volumes and more than 500,000 words, which basically covers all aspects of ancient agricultural production and people's life in China, and the idea of "agricultural politics" runs through it.
Song & Song was born in the 15th year of Wanli (1587), with the word Chang Geng, a newcomer in Jiangxi. Juren was born. In the seventh year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1634), he served as a missionary in this county of Jiangxi, and was later promoted to Tingzhou Prefecture in Fujian and Bozhou Prefecture in South Zhili. ?
The Song family has been an official for generations. During the Jiajing period, great-grandfather Song Jing served as Shangshu of Nanjing Ministry of Industry and Shi Yu of Zuodu. His grandfather Song Jieqing was the magistrate of Yizhou, Anhui Province, and Song and his brother Song Yingyi had been chanting scriptures since childhood. In the forty-three years of Wanli (16 15), the Song brothers were in the same subject, and both of them were among the best in the exam, which was sometimes praised as a beautiful talk in the local area. However, although the Soong brothers took many exams later, they never got into Jinshi.
Gradually, Song has a new focus. His great-grandfather Song Jing supervised the renovation of the palace when he was the Minister of Industry in Nanjing, and his countryman Song Ying also supervised the renovation of the Beijing Palace when he was the Minister of Industry. Song left a deep impression on him and became interested in the production technology of architecture and handicrafts. Therefore, he no longer devoted himself to the imperial examination and began to concentrate on the practical production technology.
In the seventh year of Chongzhen (1634), Song Ying Xing became an Oracle in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province. After the official business, he began to write a book. After three years of hard work, he wrote a book in Chongzhen Ten Years (1637). He believes that natural resources are abundant, which is the material condition for human survival. Man is the spirit of all things, and can develop nature and create material wealth, so he named his book Heavenly Creations, which means nature.
The book Tiangong Kaiwu is divided into three volumes and subdivided into eighteen categories. It comprehensively and systematically records the production technology and experience of ancient agriculture and handicraft industry in China, covering crop planting, sericulture, textile, salt cooking, sugar making, wine making and pottery making, ship and car manufacturing, lime burning, paper making, mining and smelting, etc. There are also exquisite illustrations in the book, detailing some production tools and production process.
In agriculture, what Song wrote even surpassed that of Xu Guangqi in many aspects. For example, there are as many as 16 kinds of oil crops in cash crops, many of which are not found in the book Agricultural Administration. Song recorded plants in detail, such as the flowering time of wheat in North and South China and rice planting in different environments.
Song Dynasty's Heavenly Creations is known as "China17th century craft encyclopedia".