Daye tǒnɡ
1. Biography of the Ram. Tibetan Year: "What about the first month of Wang? Great unification. " Xu: "Your Majesty was ordered to unify the world in the first month, so that everything started here, so it was called unification." "History of Han Wang Ji Biography": "Spring and Autumn are so unified, Liuhe has the same wind, and Kyushu * * * runs through it." Big, valued and respected; Unity means that all the princes in the world are tied together with Zhou Tianzi. Later generations claimed that the feudal dynasty ruled the country as a unified whole.
This is really not an easy entry to explain.
Just like "Tao" in "Tao can be Tao, but extraordinary".
Unity is a concept, a concept with infinite centripetal force.
Great unification is a kind of verve, a kind of verve of active exploration and enterprising.
Unity is a kind of mind, an eclectic mind.
Great unification has made our nation move from dispersion to unity,
Even after many disasters, I still have the outline of my motherland in my heart.
China unified dynasties are:
1. Qin dynasty
2. Western Han Dynasty 3. Eastern Han Dynasty 4. Western Jin dynasty 5. Sui dynasty
6. Tang dynasty 7. Yuan dynasty 8. Ming dynasty 9. Ching Dynasty
The unified empire/country in the world is:
1. Ancient Egypt
2. Ancient Greece. Alexander empire
4. Roman Empire. Byzantine Empire
6. The Arab Empire (mid-8th century)
7. Silla (most of the Korean Peninsula was unified in 676)
8. Mongolian Empire (including four khanates and/kloc-0 suzerain countries, and later Dayuan) (covering an area of over 45 million square kilometers, it was once the largest empire in the world).
9. Ottoman Turkish Empire (15th century)
10. Spanish Empire (16th century)
1 1. Empire of France 12. British empire (with 300,000 square kilometers of native land and 33 million colonies, it is called the empire that never falls).
13. Russian empire/15. Soviet Union. The full name is union of Soviet socialist republics.
14. The German Empire. Also known as SECOND REICH
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16. Modern Japan
Promote the reunification of China;
Why did China people create the miracle of China's reunification? Any existing phenomenon must have its own reasons (whether it is reasonable or not depends on people's respective interests).
1. China's Central Plains is located in the east of Eurasia, with the sea in the east, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and desert in the west, the Siberian alpine region in the north, and the South China Sea and tropical high temperature regions in the south. The Central Plains naturally becomes the geographical center of East Asia. At the same time, people living in the Central Plains have been able to create leading civilizations and cultures for thousands of years, and thinkers, scientists, inventors and politicians have emerged one after another, thus further forming a cultural center, an economic center, a scientific and technological center and a political center, which has a strong attraction and centripetal force for the surrounding areas.
2. The ethnic groups with Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor as the main body have implemented the marriage opening for a long time, which is conducive to ethnic integration. China's famous folk story "Cowherd and Weaver Girl" records the story of Yan Di's marriage with the Yellow Emperor. For details, please refer to the author's article "Cowherd and Weaver Girl Across the River, Seven Thousand Years of Love Wars between Yan and Huang".
3. From Fuxi divination, Cangjie word-making, to Qin Shihuang's writing of identical records, China people have been using pictographic symbol system (orthographic characters, to be exact), which has a very stable information transmission performance (the characters thousands of years ago are easy to identify), and can communicate information other than voice, greatly promoting the identification between different regions and different nationalities. In contrast, in Europe, which is about the size of China, because of the use of pinyin, different languages and characters in different countries are different, so it is difficult to have a sense of identity, and the cause of reunification has still not been completed.
4. China people have a strong ancestor worship and the complex of confessing their ancestors, and ancient memories can be traced back to the same ancestor. Therefore, this kind of complex is particularly beneficial to the national identity and national identity among ethnic groups in various regions.
5. China people have a kind of worship or preference for "China". The word "medium" means medium, internal, semi-medium, medium and moderate; Center (the central word means middle, exhaustion, pleading), center; Mean; Yes (listening and using); Ancient ships; Bronze bell; Last name. The Central Plains is located between 30 and 40 degrees north latitude. One of the most obvious astronomical phenomena that can be seen here is the rotation of the Big Dipper around the pole (the North Star is in the sky, the totem star of the Yellow Emperor is the Big Dipper, and the bucket is the emperor's car). The enlightenment of this astronomical phenomenon to the ancient people in China is to establish a social structure with the center as the center and four sides on the earth. According to legend, the first thing King Wu did after winning was to redefine his position in the world. Finally, Luoyang, where the Yellow River meets Luoshui, was chosen as Middle-earth. This choice may be based on the actual measurement, because the distance from Luoyang to the coast of the East China Sea and the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is roughly equal, and the distance from Luoyang to the Yanshan Mountains and the Yangtze River is also roughly equal.
Interestingly, the structure of Hetu and Luoshu is also the relationship between center and four sides, including four sides and center, eight sides and center. In a word, ancient China paid special attention to Middle Earth, Central Plains, Zhongzhou, Central Plains and Siyi (Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong and Beidi), and also paid special attention to the four seas, Kyushu, Shenzhou and the world.
6. China people have long had a philosophical and political ambition of unity, such as Confucius' advocacy of harmony but difference, and the ideals of people of insight in past dynasties to cultivate themselves, put their families in order, govern the country and level the world.
7. China people have no religious barriers that exist in other countries and regions.
8. The ancient rulers of China attached importance to the unity of writing and weights and measures. According to legend, as early as before Qin Shihuang, the work of unifying characters was carried out in the era of the Yellow Emperor, and the same weights and measures work was carried out in the era of Shun Di.
9. Since ancient times, China people have attached great importance to commodity trading, traffic construction and post station construction. The Book of Songs has poems praising the flatness and straightness of the national roads in the Zhou Dynasty. The national highways in the Qin Dynasty extended in all directions, and fruit trees were planted on both sides of the national highways in the Tang Xuanzong period. Moreover, the ancients also had the custom of offering sacrifices to the road gods. The Book of Rites in the Song Dynasty quoted Cui Shi's Moon Order for Four People: "Ancestors are also Taoist gods. The son of the Yellow Emperor said that he was tired of his ancestors, traveled far and died on the road, so he worshipped the Tao God and sought the blessing of the Tao. "
10. The ancient rulers of China adopted the policy of "appeasing the distant countries and assimilating and absorbing the aliens" for a long time, which is conducive to the formation of a unified country and a greater Chinese cultural circle.
Unified context:
China's thought of unification has a long history. Confucius' ideal emperor should have the authority to unify the whole country. The so-called "ritual levy and music cutting in the son of heaven." Hundred schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism, are all hidden in a unified figure. Laozi advocates "one" as the foundation, "the Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything" (Chapter 42 of Laozi). Since then, the unification has had an ontology.
The official proposal of "great unification" is "Biography of the Ram, Hidden Year": "How about the first month of Wang, great unification is also." Yan Shigu in the Tang Dynasty said: "Everything is unified and belongs to one ... This statement is that princes are systematic and cannot be self-specialized." Shu said, "Your decree made the first month unify the world, starting with everything, so it was said to be unified." Li Si even made it clear: "Destroy the princes, call them emperors, and unify the whole country." "Biography of Wang Han" said: "Spring and Autumn are so unified, Liuhe is in the same wind, and Kyushu is also * * *." The original intention of reunification is to destroy opponents and rule the world by the emperor alone.
One of the important reasons why the Great Unity remains unchanged in China is that many people in China have loved and respected the Great Unity since ancient times. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Baizan said, "Qin Huang swept Liuhe, and he looked!" Li Zhi of the Ming Dynasty honored Qin Shihuang as "an emperor through the ages" in his books. Many ideas derived from the logic of great unification have made great unification take root in the hearts of China people. China people have formed a spiritual dependence on reunification. For example, the long-term oppression of unification has made China people not only lose the courage to resist, but also pursue a sense of security. They are also afraid of the uncertainty brought by diversity, and they are used to seeing the unity of a stagnant pool as a stable order. People always regard the freedom of others as a threat to themselves, and regard legitimate political demands as a challenge to power.
China's long-term political unity stifled internal competition and blocked external competition. In order to prevent their unity from being challenged by foreign "heresy", the rulers closed their doors for a long time, imprisoned the spread of foreign ideas, and regarded ideas and systems from the West as heresies. During the vigorous Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period before reunification, the competition among vassal states greatly stimulated the creativity of individuals and society, and Chinese culture also laid the foundation stone at that time. Competition gives everyone, every value, a chance to play. Competition in all aspects is the basic driving force for the progress of human society. What the great unification fears most is these competitions, especially the open competition in the political field.
People who advocate reunification often defend the tyranny of reunification by pursuing territorial unity. However, does the great unification only pursue the unity in the sense of territory? Successive rulers spent far more energy on unifying thoughts than on unifying territory. Take the government of the late Qing Dynasty as an example, it can cede land when necessary, but it will never give up the muzzle of speech. There is almost no necessary connection between reunification and national unity. Unity appears in every country, but it does not exist in every country. The unification in history can't keep China from splitting. There was reunification before Qin Shihuang, and there were numerous divisions after China's reunification. This division is often aggravated by tyranny under the unified system.
Great unification is the opposite of complete freedom and autonomy; The process of reunification is the process of deprivation of freedom. With the realization of "great unification", the social prison will be completed, and everyone's body, mind and conscience will be hijacked and imprisoned. The most terrible thing in unification is to unify the human soul by violence. In the eyes of many people in China, reunification is a symbol of the country's strength. Few people realize that the unification that we are accustomed to is the most important reason for the suffering history of the Chinese nation for more than 2,000 years. For China's backwardness, reunification is a "great achievement".
It should be pointed out that reunification is not the only political tradition in China. Before the Qin Dynasty achieved great unification. China is a polycentric political order. "Historical Records of Emperor Wudi" records: "Yu received the gold of nine shepherds and cast Jiuding, such as Kyushu." For a long time, it can be said that Kyushu stood upright and merged in all directions, showing a scene in which Shun Yao and Duke Zhou competed with each other and encouraged each other. During the Tang and Five Revolution, the main force of the revolution was the vassals. Even in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were still many countries, and each country had its own management power and its own "center" (capital). The history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a prosperous time in China's history. At the same time, apart from the struggle between countries, the internal affairs of vassal States were clear and there were few tyrants. The more concentrated the power, the greater the possibility of a tyrant; The more widespread reunification is, the more victims there will be. It can be said that "great unification" has never been the consciousness of China people, but a political concept imposed on China people. History will eventually prove that reunification is only a long and dark episode in the historical process of Chinese civilization.
Compared with China's long unified unitary order, western civilization has taken another road opposite to the unified system. Different from China, some people have tried to unify Europe since the Roman Empire, but every time some European countries unite to oppose this ambitious attempt and frustrate any attempt to unify the whole country. Even war maniacs like Napoleon and Hitler repeatedly dreamed of unifying Europe and almost succeeded, but they all ended in fiasco. The real reason why Europe is developed is that there is no unification, and there is competition between countries and governments. The history of Europe can be said to be the history from city-state to multinational confederation. Thirteen States in North America took a federal road between the unification of China and the coexistence of heroes in Europe after independence, which led to today's United States.
Today's full integration of the EU is by no means a return to China to unify the Qin State and eliminate the six countries. The European Union is not a product of military conquest, but a peaceful and voluntary alliance based on a covenant. The purpose of this alliance is not to establish a central giant that is absolutely superior to the member countries and maintained by force, let alone a "tiger-wolf policy" that harms the people. Imagine if Europe was unified by a European "Qin State" by force, North America was ruled by a unified regime like Qin State, and China still coexisted like Europe, or United into a country like the United States. What kind of pattern is the world today?
"the unification of globalization":
In recent years, globalization is becoming a hot topic in academic circles at home and abroad, among which the discussion on the economic and cultural implications of globalization is particularly heated. Some people think that globalization is the free transmission of information to overcome space barriers in the world, the free flow and allocation of resources in the world, and an economic operation process that operates uniformly in the international scope, regardless of capital flow, labor flow, information transmission, raw materials and energy supply, management and organization, etc. Some people think that globalization is the promotion and expansion of capitalist production methods and market economy in the world, and the expansion and spread of modern civilization from western society to the world. Some people think that globalization is a process of gradual integration of politics, economy and culture on a global scale. People pay more attention to the economic or cultural aspects of globalization than the political paradigm behind it. Economic globalization is the main driving force to promote social, political and economic changes, and is promoting the reorganization of modern society and world order.
Since the end of the cold war, due to political, economic, technological and other factors, the process of globalization has begun to accelerate. The process of globalization is also a process of profound political change. In the process of globalization, the relationship between countries has been adjusted. The latest wave of political globalization began with the breakthrough of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the end of the Cold War and the disappearance of the Iron Curtain. Why didn't globalization begin until after the end of the cold war? Because after the end of the cold war, no country has the ability to achieve world reunification by force.
The fundamental difference between today's globalization and the previous "world empire" plan lies in its peaceful nature. China is forced to enter the glory circle of Greater East Asia, but it is entirely voluntary to join the current globalization process. Before the advent of the era of globalization, the dominant way for human beings to expand political order was unification. Especially in China, since the Qin Dynasty conquered the Central Plains, the way of establishing and expanding the political order has not changed at all. In the west, the military government and the subsequent centralized rule have always been the main methods to establish, maintain and expand political order. In the west, the Treaty of Westphalia provides legitimacy for the emergence of a centralized and absolutely sovereign nation-state. The two world wars in the last century originated from some countries trying to conquer other countries through violence and establish a unified world empire. Japan's attempt to piece together the "East Asian Glory Circle" by force is a typical example of realizing regional integration by violent reunification. "Criticism by force" is one of the extremes of establishing a unified world. Why is the expansion of Napoleon, Hitler and Stalin not called "globalization"? All rely on violence to achieve integration. The tolerance of globalization is very limited in some aspects. It may be that it is very intolerable to the closed and highly centralized "great unity."
Globalization reflects the fundamental changes in the way the whole world works. With the tide of regional economic integration on a global scale, not only between countries that practice market economy and democratic politics, but also the national boundaries in the sense of the nineteenth century have disappeared; Moreover, with the internationalization of business activities and social communication, modern communication technology represented by the Internet is breaking through the strict barriers between countries with different social systems and different ideologies.
A major feature of globalization is that it involves a wide range, which is unprecedented in human history. Because the development direction of the world is from decentralization to integration, although there are many examples of division after integration, on the whole, human beings are undoubtedly moving towards integration. This process is not only an objective process, because it is hardly influenced by any party or individual, but also a subjective process, because it reflects the changes in people's way of looking at the world. The real significance of globalization, especially its relevance to China, lies in the transformation from centralization to federalism. Globalization contains a completely different way from constructing, integrating and maintaining a unified political order. This development needs special attention in the study of globalization.
Decentralization is also an important part of globalization. Globalization permeates all fields, and governance units tend to be miniaturized, integrated and decentralized. Take the European Union as an example, it has a high degree of integration, but the tendency of decentralization within its member States is equally strong. France, which is highly centralized, has been engaged in decentralization for nearly 20 years. Two years ago, Britain handed over important legislative power to local councils. Belgium is very small, but people still want to share it. This decentralization is instructive for understanding the relationship between globalization and decentralization. In the era of globalization, the concept of "central government" will never become a key concept in global affairs as it did in China affairs.
Globalization and its related global institutional changes are an objective development trend, independent of human will. Globalization is both a process and a result. In terms of process, globalization is not only a process of exchanging interests and meanings among subjects, but also a process of constructing new rules of conflict, compatibility and homosexuality among subjects. Globalization not only refers to the globalization of human economic relations, but also includes the recognition and legalization of production methods, lifestyles, cultural values and social structures of various development subjects in world communication; At the same time, it also refers to the rules of communication as the basis of universal communication-the emergence, development, formation and change of institutional civilization. In the unification of process and result, institutional civilization is of special significance to globalization.
Globalization is also a great power to disintegrate centralization, although it also provides an excuse for centralization in some aspects, such as strengthening control over a certain industry. In the process of globalization, state power is shared by international organizations (WTO, International Criminal Court, Olympic Games, World Bank, International Monetary Fund) and the private sector. Globalization means "non-nationalization", and the status of traditional nation-state is becoming less and less important. Globalization has greatly blurred the domestic and international boundaries and rewritten the concept of national sovereignty. The emergence and prosperity of non-governmental organizations have changed the boundaries between public and private spheres in third world countries. Countries can choose to join or quit. The increase of citizens' mobility (immigration, study abroad, work and tourism, all of which inject international factors into migration) means that the government's binding ability is reduced.
An important political feature of globalization is the alliance between countries. After World War II, especially after the Cold War, nationalism began to change to federalism. It is characterized by the emergence of various regional and international organizations, among which the United Nations and the European Union are famous. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it began to change to confederation. The members of the former Soviet Union formed an alliance called the Commonwealth of Independent States. Europe has become the European Union, and the pace of integration has also accelerated accordingly. Both of these changes took the collapse of a powerful totalitarian state as a turning point. For the sake of security, economic integration and/or human rights protection, many former independent countries have formed some form of state organization similar to federalism. Federation and confederation are not only a form of government, but also a new form of international organization. The more and more common trend of confederacy and confederacy is not the expansion of the country in the past, but the transformation of the country's form. Confederacy and federalism in the form of confederacy are transcending the limits of national boundaries, stepping onto the world stage and becoming a new thinking of creating international organizations.