Belladonna is also called belladonna grass. It is cultivated in Beijing, Shandong, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Use whole grass as medicine. The effective components are alkaloids, and the total alkaloid content in leaves is 0.09- 1.32%, mainly 1- scopolamine, in addition to scopolamine, dehydrated atropine, belladonna, scopoletin, aesculin and umbelliferone. The content of total alkaloids in different parts of belladonna plants is 0.45-0.65% in roots; Fruit 0.31-0.70%; Spending 0.24-0.65%; Young stem 0.2 1-0.65%, thick stem 0.04-0.25%. This product is an anticholinergic drug, and it is the raw material for preparing belladonna fluid extract, belladonna tincture, belladonna tablets and external analgesic drugs. Used for gastric and duodenal ulcer, gastrointestinal, renal and biliary colic. It has analgesic, spasmolytic, secretory and mydriatic effects, and is toxic.
I. Morphological characteristics
The plant height is1-1.5 m ... The stem is erect, the upper part is forked, the young branches are sparse, and gradually fall off in old age. The leaves at the lower part of the stem are alternate, and the upper part is paired and petiolate; The leaf blade is ovoid or oval-ovoid, 5-22 cm long and 3.5- 1 1 cm wide, with white hairs along the veins. Flowers drooping, solitary in leaf axils, pedicels with glandular hairs; Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes with long tips, and the tips grow into star-shaped awns in fruit, spreading outward; Corolla campanulate, lavender, 5-lobed; Stamens 5, slightly shorter than corolla. Berry is spherical, which changes from green to deep purple with fruit ripening, and it is shiny. The diameter of the fruit can reach about 65438±0cm, and it contains many seeds. The seeds are small, flat kidney-shaped and reticulate (Figure 16-37).
Fig.16-37 morphological diagram of belladonna
Second, biological characteristics.
(A) growth and development characteristics
Belladonna is native to warm and humid areas. It likes warm and humid climate and is afraid of high temperature and cold. Its individual development can be divided into seedling stage, foliage stage, stem pulling stage, bud pregnancy stage, flowering stage, seed setting stage and seed maturity stage. The flowering period is from June to August, and the fruiting period is from July to September. It takes about 140 days from emergence to seed maturity. The fastest growth period of plants is flowering, and the peak of dry matter accumulation of belladonna is from flowering to seed maturity. Figure 16-38 The yield ratio of different parts of Belladonna plant is about 1: 1.4: 0.6: 0.5.
Figure 16—38 Dynamics of Dry Matter Accumulation in Different Organs of Belladonna
(2) Environmental requirements
1. temperature
Belladonna is native to warm and humid areas and has strict temperature requirements. Generally it grows well at 20-25℃. When the temperature exceeds 30℃ or there is too much rain, it is easy to die of root rot. Belladonna cultivated in northern China grows rapidly on the ground from May to June, but grows slowly when the temperature is high in July, so it can't overwinter in the field in winter, so it is cultivated as an annual plant.
Step 2: Moisture
Sufficient moisture is one of the main conditions for belladonna seedling emergence and seedling protection. Whether to supply water in time after sowing is the main factor affecting the emergence rate, and whether to replenish enough water in time after transplanting is the key to survival. From seedling stage to flowering stage, the aboveground parts grow rapidly, and the water demand is more, which gradually decreases after fruiting stage. Too much water is prone to root rot and the alkaloid content is reduced. The yield of belladonna cultivated in southern China is higher than that in northern China, but the alkaloid content is low, which is mainly affected by climatic conditions, such as light, temperature and humidity.
3. Soil and nutrients
Belladonna root is a multi-branched, fleshy and straight root system, with a root length of about 30cm. The soil is suitable for fertile, loose, well-drained, deep and moist sandy loam, which can be used on flat land or hillside. Too wet, poor drainage, or sticky soil will lead to poor growth and easy to get sick.
Table 16—38 Effects of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer with Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Belladonna
Note: Test pot: 25×30cm, per pot 10, per pot 1 plant.
Organic fertilizer: decomposed pig manure and peat.
Belladonna is a fertilizer-loving plant and sensitive to fertilizer. The results of pot experiment showed that no matter applying organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer, applying chemical fertilizer alone or in different combinations, the yield could be increased, especially applying organic fertilizer combined with total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the yield increase effect was obvious (tables 16-37, 16-38).
Table 16—37 Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Belladonna
Inorganic fertilizers, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, can meet the needs of belladonna in the process of growth and development, while organic fertilizers provide full-fertilizer nutrients, improve soil physical properties, and are beneficial to belladonna growth. The application of ammonium humate, cottonseed cake and organic fertilizer in Beijing has obvious yield increase effect and stable alkaloid content (table 16-39).
Table 16—39 Effects of Different Organic Fertilizers on Belladonna Yield and Alkaloid Content
Note: Residential area: 9×0.83 m2.
Fertilizer dosage (kg/area): ammonium humate1.0; Cottonseed cake 0.25; Manure 2.0
Spelling: acupoint application
(III) Accumulation dynamics of alkaloids
Every organ of Belladonna contains alkaloids, and its content varies with phenology and growth conditions. The content of alkaloids in belladonna leaves and roots was the highest at flowering stage, with 0.66% in leaves. Root 0.56%. The content of alkaloids in stems is high in the early growth stage, and gradually decreases after flowering, ranging from 0.35% to 0.52% from leaf cluster to pregnant bud, and the fruit maturity is lower than 0.2% (table 16-40, figure 16-39).
Table 16—40 alkaloid content in belladonna plant development stages and organs (%)
(data quoted from the All-Soviet Institute of Medicinal Aromatic Plants)
The alkaloid content in different organs of Belladonna: leaves are higher than other organs, and the alkaloid content in young leaves at the top of main stem and branches is the highest, which can reach 0.70%, and that in old leaves at the bottom is about 0.4%; Stems with shoots (about 0.5%) are higher than those with thick stems (only about 0. 1%). The content of root bark is about 0.5%, followed by fibrous roots, and xylem is less than 0. 13%. The fruit (green fruit and mature fruit) is above 0.4% (table16-41). Therefore, belladonna leaves, young branches and fruits are the best medicinal materials.
Fig. 16—39 accumulation dynamics of alkaloids in various organs of belladonna at different phenological stages.
Table16-41sampling date of dry matter weight and alkaloid content in different parts of belladonna plant:1980 July 30th,1981July 20th. SETTING: Institute of Medicinal Plant Resources Development, China Academy of Medical Sciences.
Third, cultivation techniques.
(1) land selection and preparation
According to the characteristics of belladonna, which likes light and is suitable for growing in humid conditions, sandy loam with sufficient sunshine, convenient irrigation and drainage and soil pH of 5.5-9 should be selected, and it is not suitable for planting in low-lying areas and saline-alkali land. Leguminosae and Gramineae plants are most suitable for previous crops. Solanaceae plants, especially the plots planted with tomatoes in the previous crop, are not suitable for planting. Avoid continuous cropping. Soil preparation requires deep ploughing and fine harrow, applying 3000-4000 kilograms of organic fertilizer per mu, leveling the fine harrow after ploughing, and making high ridges according to the row spacing of 57-66 cm before planting to prepare for planting.
(2) Breeding methods
Reproduce with seeds.
1. Seed reservation
During the belladonna growth period, select plants with strong growth, dark green leaves, large and thick leaves, large and plump fruits and no pests and diseases, pick them when the fruits are ripe (purple-black), wash the pulp with water, dry the seeds, and store them in a ventilated and dry place for later use.
Accelerate germination
Belladonna seeds germinate slowly and irregularly, so it is necessary to treat them, soak them in warm water at 50℃, stir them until the water is cool, then soak them for 12 hours, wrap them with wet cloth, put them in an incubator at 20℃ or in a warm place to accelerate germination, and wash them with clean water 1-2 times a day to keep them moist and prevent mildew. When a single seed germinates, it can be planted. You can also soak the seeds in warm water for 7-8 hours, then add twice the amount of fine wet sand, mix well, keep them moist indoors, store them in sand for one month, sow them, or germinate them in advance.
3. Live broadcast
It can be planted in spring or autumn. Spring sowing: in mid-April, shallow furrows with a depth of 1- 1.5 cm were dug on the ridges prepared in the northern region, and the treated seeds were evenly spread into the furrows, covered with soil, compacted, watered and moistened immediately, and emerged in about10-0/5 days. Sowing in late autumn ends at 10 and begins at 1 10. The method is the same as spring sowing, but seeds do not need to be germinated, and the sowing amount per mu is about 250 grams, and seedlings can emerge in April of the following year. The yield of autumn sowing is higher than that of spring sowing in the Yangtze River basin.
4. Seedling raising and transplanting
In the north of China, in order to prolong the growing period or harvest for the first time before the rainy season, seedlings are often raised in sunny beds. 1 1 to 65438+February, select sunny slope plots with good drainage as sunny slope beds, about 12× 1.5m2, and lift the soil out of the cultivation embankment. 65438+1From the end of October to the middle of February, water will be poured on the prepared Xiangyang plot once. After water seepage, sow the treated seeds at the row spacing of 10 cm, then cover the fine humus soil of 1- 1.5 cm, and cover the sunny plot with glass or plastic film to keep the temperature of the seedbed. After the seedlings are fully grown, reduce watering to prevent diseases caused by excessive humidity. When the temperature is too high, it should be properly ventilated, combined with loosening soil and weeding, thinning seedlings and pulling out sick and weak seedlings. When conditions permit, transplant it again before planting, that is, when the seedling height is 3-4 cm, transplant it into another border with a row spacing of 7cm, and protect the water around the seedling after planting.
Apply sufficient base fertilizer, soil fertilizer, ash fertilizer, cow dung, etc. to the planting area. Most of them are used in the south, while pig manure and cake fertilizer are used in the north. From the end of April to the beginning of May, dig up the soil, plant plants at a spacing of 50cm on the prepared high ridges, and water them immediately. After transplanting, the seedlings grow sturdily, have strong stress resistance, and have a high survival rate after planting, and generally do not need replanting.
(3) Site management
1. Seedling management
The direct seeding site should be watered frequently to keep the soil moist so as to facilitate the emergence of seedlings. After the seedlings are completely planted, the watering times can be reduced. When the seedling height is 2cm, the soil is 7cm, and the seedling height is 10cm, the plant can be fixed. Water the transplanted seedlings for 2-3 times, and loosen the soil and weed in time after survival.
Step 2: Topdressing
Belladonna is a fertilizer-loving plant with a long growing period. The dry matter and alkaloid contents of the whole grass accumulated rapidly from the flowering stage, and the nutrient absorption was also enhanced, so it was necessary to supplement effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. Generally, ammonium sulfate 15kg/ mu is applied at the foliage stage, and human feces can also be diluted. Before transplanting, calcium superphosphate can be applied at the dosage of 1.5-25 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer can be applied according to local conditions 1-2 kg/mu. There is no need to increase or decrease the amount of potash fertilizer in areas where potash fertilizer is applied in plant ash.
3. Tillage and cultivation of soil
After the first harvest, intertillage can be carried out in time, which can not only eliminate weeds, but also prevent the second crop from lodging.
4. Flood control and drainage
July-August is the peak period of belladonna growth, and it is a high temperature rainy season. After heavy rain, it is necessary to drain water in time, otherwise it is easy to cause large-scale illness and death due to ground water.
(4) Pests and diseases and their control
1. Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solani. )
It can happen from seed germination to growth period. In the germination stage, it is destroyed by this bacteria, causing the seeds to rot; After the seedlings were damaged, brown spots appeared at the base of the stem, and then they fell down and died. Adult disease with brown spots on the roots. The lesion gradually expanded and sunken, the cortex rotted, and the upper stems and leaves wilted and died. Control methods: (1) Avoid rotation with gramineous crops and solanaceae crops, sesame seeds and peanuts; (2) blanching the seeds with warm water of 50-55 DEG C for 20-30 minutes before sowing; (3) Pull out the diseased plants in time during the onset period, sprinkle lime on the diseased areas, and pour 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution on the diseased areas; (4) Pay attention to drainage and ventilation.
Step 2 faint
(Pyihium sp .)
Only in the seedling stage, in the seedbed with low temperature and high humidity, the harm is serious. The infected plants are dark green and finally soft rot. Prevention and treatment: spray 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 200-300 bordeaux solution for protection before onset. Prevention and control of other basic synchronous diseases. This disease will not happen again after transplantation.
3. Epidemics
"Pathogenic Phytophthora (Mont. ) de Barry. 〕
It can harm roots, stems and leaves in the middle and late stages. At first, the damaged leaves showed water-stained circular spots, and then gradually expanded, and the middle of the diseased spots turned pale yellow with blurred edges, which had no obvious boundary with normal tissues. When the upper part of the stem is damaged, it shows dark green spots, the diseased part is sunken, thin and soft, and it is easy to break: when the stem base is sick, only the cortex appears brown and slightly sunken long spots, and the stems and leaves wilt; The roots were damaged and the tissues turned yellow-brown. Rot and soften. Control methods: (1) Avoid rotation with solanaceae crops, preferably with Gramineae crops; (2) Spray 1∶ 1∶ 120 bordeaux solution or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution before the rainy season; (3) Pay attention to drainage when planting high ridges.
4. Bacterial wilt disease
(Pseudomonas solanacearum)
In Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, it usually starts in mid-May. The disease is serious from June to July until the harvest. At the early stage of the disease, the tender part at the top of the plant withers at noon and can recover sooner or later; In the later period, the damaged plants suddenly drooped and shrunk on sunny days, and their leaves were green when they died, hence the name "bacterial wilt". When the injured rhizome is cut vertically, you can see that the vascular bundle has turned brown. Squeeze hard, you can squeeze out the gray juice. The disease is carried by the soil and invades from the root wound, which is aggravated when the field is hot and rainy. Control method: (1) implement crop rotation; (2) early seedling raising and transplanting to enhance disease resistance; (3) Digging deep ditches and building high ridges to reduce the humidity in the field; (4) Weeding in intertillage should avoid damaging roots and preventing germs from invading from wounds; (5) If any diseased plants are found, clear them in time and disinfect them with quicklime.
5.medlar
(Ma Le Dimputa Weiss)
Also known as golden flower worm, it occurs irregularly from seedling stage to before harvest. Both adults and larvae feed on leaves, causing holes, and in severe cases, they will eat up the leaves. Control methods: (1) Clear the garden when harvesting and eliminate the residual plants; (2) 90% trichlorfon was sprayed 800 times.
6.aphids
(Aphids. )
And the peach aphid (Sulzer), also known as bored. Adults and nymphs suck the juice of stems and leaves, which leads to leaf curling and yellowing in severe cases. Control method: use 40% dimethoate EC 1500 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution, spray once every 7- 10 days, and carry out several times.
7.cotton bollworm
(cotton bollworm)
Harm flowers, buds and fruits. At flowering stage, eggs are laid on bracts and tender leaves. After hatching, larvae burrow into buds, flowers and fruits to do harm, so attention should be paid to timely prevention and control when they stay in the seed field. Prevention and control methods: pay attention to check the eggs during flowering, spray 2.5% triamcinolone acetonide 2000 times at the peak of incubation, and spray it again after 10.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
(1) Harvest
You can harvest 2-3 times a year. At the end of June, the old leaves under the ground were harvested at one time when the ridge was closed, which was beneficial to ventilation and light transmission and promoted growth. Harvest once in mid-July, choose a sunny day before the rainy season, and harvest the aboveground parts with stubble of about 20cm, which is convenient for re-growth. Dry quickly after harvest to prevent mildew; In late August, the whole grass was harvested, the aboveground parts were cut off, and then the roots were dug out, treated and dried respectively. Sundrying, drying in the shade or baking at low temperature (below 60℃) has no effect on alkaloid content. When drying, pay attention to turning it frequently, put it into storage thoroughly and store it in a cool and ventilated place. Generally, about 200-300 kg of whole grass can be harvested per mu.
(2) Processing
After the aboveground part is harvested, the leaves, flowers and fruits are directly used as medicine after being dried, the stems are dried and cut into sections, the roots are removed, the soil is removed, and the products are dried and crushed. According to the standard of alkaloid content, the leaves, flowers and fruits contain scopolamine above 0.3%, and the quality is good, while the roots belong to the medium range of 0.25-0.45%. The quality of lignified thick stems below 0. 1% is poor.