"Sir, may I ask what is the key to prosecution and the method of studying?" Zeng Guofan asked Tang Jian for advice very respectfully.
"We should take "The Complete Book of Zhu Zi" as our sect." Tang Jian stroked his silver beard that hung more than a foot on his chest, straightened his back, and answered without thinking, "This book is best to be read thoroughly. Take it as a course, practice it personally, and never regard it as a book to read. I will give you eight words for self-examination: the four words "tidy and solemn" are the key to self-examination; Words. As for the method of reading, focus on one sutra. If you can understand one sutra, you can understand other sutras. If you try to master all of them, you will never be able to master one sutra. "
He continued to ask: "Sir, what is the way to learn?"
"There are only three methods of learning." "It's called ethics, it's called assessment, it's called essay. In the study of literature, one seeks only rough knowledge and loses essence; in the study of articles, one cannot achieve it unless he is good at theory and theory. "
"What about the study of economics?" Zeng Guofan, who wanted to run the country and benefit the world, was anxious. Ask.
"The study of economics lies in principles." Tang Jian's answer was clear and affirmative.
"Excuse me, sir, how should the economy be judged and devoted?"
"Economy can only look at history. The traces of the ancients have been traced, and the laws and precepts are clear. The laws and regulations of the past dynasties are nothing more than this. "
"Zeng Guofan"
Xin Chou (1841) Zeng Guofan's diary in July:
To Mr. Tang Jinghai. Ask about the essentials of self-examination and the method of reading. The teacher said: "The Complete Book of Zhu Xi should be regarded as our sect." At that time, Yu Xin bought this book and asked about it. Yin Dao: "This book is best to be read thoroughly (that is, as a lesson and practiced personally), and should not be regarded as a book for browsing." He also said: "To treat classics, it is best to specialize in one classic. If you can understand the results of one classic, you can follow other classics. If you are quick, you can read it. If you seek to master all aspects, you will never be able to master one classic." The teacher said that he liked to read "Yi" the most in his life. He also said: "There are only three branches of learning, which are principles, assessment, and speech. When it comes to assessment, one should only focus on the rough and leave out the essence, and only take a quick look to get the best. The matter of writing cannot be achieved by those who are not proficient in principles and principles. The study of economics, It's also within the principles." He also asked how the economy should be dedicated to the cause. The answer is: "Economy can only be determined by looking at history. The traces of the ancients have been traced, and the laws and precepts are clear. The laws and regulations of the past dynasties are nothing more than this." He also said: "Recently, the seniors of Henan Wo Genfeng (Ren) are the most diligent in their studies. They go to court every day. When you go to bed, write down everything you say and do, whether you are sitting or eating. If you have selfish desires in your heart and cannot control them externally, write them down." The teacher tried to teach him and said: "Don't use this mind to catch others' minds. Reminder, it means being honest while being idle." He also said: "On the outside, there are only four words of 'tidy and serious', and if you stick to the inside, there are only four words of 'the master is not suitable'." He also said: "Poetry, lyrics and music. , there is no need to work hard, sincerely you can use your efforts to learn the principles, and this small skill is not difficult." He also said: "The first thing is to guard against bullying, and never hide it." This is so obvious that it seems to be confusing.
Combined with the chronology, the Xinchou year was the 21st year of Daoguang (1841), and the duke was 31 years old. Looking at the chronology, we learned that Zeng Guofan passed the palace examination at the age of 28 and ranked third in the first class in the imperial examination ( Later Xuanzong allocated the second place), and later changed the Hanlin Academy to Shujishi, and officially changed its name to Guofan.
(According to research, Zeng Guofan's birth name was Kuanyi. When he was studying, he was named Zicheng, with the courtesy name Juwu. Later, he changed his courtesy name to Bohan and took the name Disheng. In 1838, he changed his name to Guofan after he became a Jinshi).
First month: Late at night, Wen Zhenggong considered classifying ancient political affairs and people and jotting them down, but he had not yet sorted out the clues and compared them with this month. Zeng Guofan entered the imperial court and accompanied him to greet the emperor. On the tenth day of the lunar month, I went to Dianyuan with fellow officials from the capital to express my gratitude. At the same time, Qi Shan was dismissed from his post last year because of his unfavorable investigation into the British army's capture of Dinghai, and he was assigned relevant personnel to fight against the British army's invasion of Humen.
February: In matters of knowledge, it is important to know the sun and the moon is not dead; in matters of writing, it is important to read a lot and accumulate knowledge.
(Originally, the sun knows its death, and the month does not forget what it can do. Here, the month does not die and it is a holiday? It may be a typo)
Leap March: The ambition to study must be based on The merits of hard work are the learning of great people.
(The ambition to study must be to become a first-class person, work hard, and work hard. Because in ancient times, people believed that God would be jealous of talented people who achieved great things, so they would not let them To reach the destination of success easily, if you want to achieve a great career, you must realize that these hardships are pits deliberately dug by God. They are also detours and ways out. If you cannot survive these hardships, then detours will lead you away. In the direction that is contrary to success; if the heart can withstand these difficulties, no matter how tortuous the road is, it may lead to success. This may be the so-called great responsibility that God will give to this person. This is his self-encouragement, and he always reminds himself. ; It is also a sentence he often used in his letters to educate his children and encourage his friends. To study and study is not to regard studying and studying as just a matter of personal honor and loss, but to have high aspirations and the ambition to be a saint within and a king outside. )
July: The Duke went to Mr. Jinghai and asked about the essentials of self-examination and the method of reading. The teacher made the following suggestions:
1. The Complete Works of Zhu Xi should be taken as the basis. This book is best read familiarly, that is, it is regarded as a course and practiced, and it should not be regarded as a book for browsing.
2. When treating meridian, it is advisable to focus on one meridian. If one meridian can be cleared, then other meridian can be dealt with.
3. There are only three ways to learn: theory, assessment, and articles.
Assessment matters tend to be rough and subtle, and to be precise is to take a quick look. Articles cannot be accomplished without being proficient in principles and principles. The study of economics is based on principles. Economics does not look at external history. It is the traces of the ancients and the laws and precepts are clear. The laws and regulations of the past dynasties are nothing more than this.
4. Recently, Wo Genfeng (Wo Ren) in Henan Province has been practicing the most diligently. Every day from morning to bed, every word, every action, and food and drink are recorded in notes. Those who have selfish desires in their hearts but cannot control them, or those who have external problems that cannot be checked will be recorded.
5. If you don’t want to use other people’s minds to catch you, you will be reminded.
6. When looking at the outside, there are only four words: "neat and serious"; when holding on to the inside, there are only four words: "the master is not suitable".
7. If you are sincerely able to apply yourself to the study of principles and principles, you will have no difficulty with small skills (poetry, prose, lyrics, and music).
8. The first thing in studying is to avoid bullying and never hide it.
("Mr. Jinghai" refers to Tang Jian, whose courtesy name was Susheng and whose name was Jinghai. He was from Shanhua (now Changsha County), Hunan. He was a fellow Hunan fellow of Zeng Guofan. This man was once the Minister of Taichang Temple. Tang Jian He was one of the giants of the Neo-Confucianism school at that time and was well-known in Beijing. He "studied Xingdao secretly and worshiped Luo Min". He inherited the Luo School of Neo-Confucianism founded by the brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhu Xi, the Neo-Confucianism master in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Fujian school established. Zeng Guofan wrote in "Preface to Sending Mr. Tang to the South": "My hometown is good at transforming Mr. Tang. At the age of thirty, he aspired to the Luo-Min school. He was unique and ridiculed without regrets. At the age of Gengzi, The three members of our party who have been summoned by Fang Bo will be tested for their virtues and careers every day. Although they are not talented in the country, they are also fumigated by justice."
Zeng Guofan first learned about Tang Jian in the 20th year of Daoguang. In this year, Emperor Daoguang heard that Tang Jian had a profound academic background and called him to be the Minister of Taichang Temple. As the master of various gifts in the court, Tang Jian was always by the emperor's side. Zeng Guofan, who was determined to change his ways, went to Nian'er Hutong, where Tang Jian lived, to become a disciple in the name of a fellow villager. Tang Jian, who was already in his 60s, saw his humility. He was eager to learn and was very happy to accept this fellow student as his disciple. From then on, Tang Jian often visited Zeng Guofan's residence in person. -1871), also named Genfeng, also named Genzhai, a native of Zhenghong Banner in Mongolia. He was a Jinshi in 1829. A little before Zeng Guofan became a disciple of Tang Jianzhi, Wo Ren had already become a disciple of Zeng Guofan. He abandoned Wang Yangming's school and changed his sect to Cheng Zhu. An acting scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. During the Tongzhi period, Wo Ren participated in the government as a "veteran of the three dynasties". As the imperial advisor of Tongzhi, he was a bachelor of Wenyuange and minister of the Ministry of Industry. He was later promoted to a bachelor of Wenhuadian after hearing the recommendation of Tang Jian. Zeng Guofan later became friends with Wo Ren. Not only did he gain another fellow disciple, but Wo Ren would also be of great help to him in his future officialdom.
Wo Ren was a Neo-Confucian scholar with a reputation for orthodoxy and high moral integrity. As for the ideological characteristics of Wo Ren, he took Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism as the main body, and also adopted some views of Confucius and Mencius and Lu Wang Xinxue to form his own ideological system. He has a profound understanding of Neo-Confucianism. The important thing is that his own moral cultivation has reached a high degree of harmony with the moral norms of feudal society, so he impressed the scholar-bureaucrats.)
July 14, 21st Daoguang. , this is a rainy day, and it is also a rare rainy day for Zeng Guofan this month. On this day, he went to Hu Linyi's house and asked him when he would send his father's coffin back to Hunan. He stopped by to visit Tang Jian. On this day, there was a conversation like this between teachers and students:
Zeng Guofan asked: What is the key to self-examination and the method of reading?
Tang Jian replied: "The Complete Book of Zhu Zi" should be regarded as the sect. It happened that Zeng Guofan had just bought this set of books, so he quickly asked about it.
Tang Jian replied: This book is best to be read familiarly, that is, as a course, and to be practiced personally. It is not suitable to be regarded as a book for browsing. When treating meridian, it is advisable to focus on one meridian. If one meridian can be cleared, then other meridian can be dealt with. If you seek to master both skills at once, you will never be able to master one sutra.
During the conversation, Tang Jian also revealed that his favorite reading in his life was the Book of Changes. Zeng Guofan's later love for the "Book of Changes" also originated from this.
Zeng Guofan then asked for advice on how to learn. Tang Jian replied: There are only three branches of learning: principles, assessment, and articles. In the study of assessment, one seeks the rough and misses the fine points, and only takes a quick look and makes a precise assessment. The study of articles cannot be achieved unless one is proficient in principles and principles. The study of economics is within the principles.
Zeng Guofan asked: How should the economy be carefully evaluated?
Tang Jian replied: Economics is nothing more than looking at history. The traces of the ancients have been traced, and the laws and precepts are clear; the laws and regulations of the past dynasties are nothing more than this.
When Tang Jian said this, he recommended a person to Zeng Guofan. This person was called Wo Ren, whose courtesy name was Genfeng, and he was from Henan. He is said to be the most diligent student. From morning to night every day, he will write down everything he says and does, sits, eats and drinks. Those who have selfish desires inside that cannot be overcome, or those who fail to behave externally will be noted.
Tang Jian once warned Wo Ren, either to remind him to use his heart to capture others, or to be sincere in his idleness. (The so-called leisurely evil and sincerity comes from the Qian hexagram of the Book of Changes. Xian means to prevent and prohibit, that is, to prevent evil and preserve sincerity.) There are only four words of "tidy and solemn" in the inspection outside; Inside, there are only four words: "The Lord is not suitable". There is no need to work hard to write poetry, lyrics, and music. It is true that if you put effort into learning principles, this small skill is not difficult. But first of all, we must avoid bullying and never hide it.
Tang Jian told Zeng Guofan what he had taught Wo Ren.
On this day, Zeng Guofan felt that he had gained a lot, "Listening to it, it is clear that I am enlightened." This must be Zeng Guofan's sincere words.
He said to Lao Chongguang: "The books mentioned before were all deceptive; the high-level talk about the past and the present were all deceptive. I thought about it in the middle of the night and sweated like rain. ". This meeting was truly a revolution in the soul. If your thoughts remain unchanged, your actions will have no foundation and your efforts will have no direction.
Although Xin Chou Nian's academic diary is only half a page, it is a turning point in Zeng Guofan's life. It is truly a word that awakens the dreamer. When Zeng Guofan was trapped both internally and externally, and exhausted both physically and mentally, he encountered Tang Jian's guidance, which was like opening up a new realm. Previously, all kinds of knowledge have found their roots, and it is clear that they all belong to their place. In a few words, Tang Jian summarized the world's knowledge into principles and principles, which he summarized as reflexivity and abstinence from deceit, while Yu Gangmu summed it up in "The Complete Book of Zhu Zi". This formed the basis for Zeng Guofan's change in thought. From then on, he changed his life ideal from promotion and wealth to learning to be a sage. In the 22nd year of Daoguang (when he was 32 years old), he began a half-year retreat to practice, achieving his first rebirth. . After ten years of continuous practice, he surpassed many elites of his generation in terms of will, knowledge, skills, and official career.
Meaning, Chinese vocabulary.
Pinyin: yì lǐ,
Definition: 1. A code of conduct that conforms to certain ethics and morals. 2. Refers to the study of Confucian classics. 3. Call Neo-Confucianism since the Song Dynasty the study of righteousness. 4. Literary related. 5. Judici
Chinese name
义义
Pinyin
yì lǐ
Pinyin
ㄧˋ ㄌㄧˇ
Related literature
"Han Feizi·Nanyan"
What is the meaning of righteousness? What is righteousness? righteousness chocolate What is the meaning of Yili Zhixue Yili? Jigutianli
Pinyin
yì lǐ
Basic explanation
Meaning of words and articles and perspective. After the Song Dynasty, the study of Confucian classics and principles was called "the study of principles and principles".
"Book of Rites: Ritual Utensils" "Yili, the text of etiquette."
Counseling and visiting with righteousness. --"Wen Shuo" by Liu Kai of the Qing Dynasty
Detailed explanation of quotations
1. Code of conduct that conforms to certain ethics and morals.
① "Han Feizi·Nanyan": "Therefore, although the measurement is correct, it may not be heard; although the principles are complete, it may not be used."
② "Spring and Autumn Fanlu·Five Elements" by Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty "Shun Ni": "Therefore, when you mobilize the masses to raise armies, you must follow the principles of justice. When you go out, you will worship the soldiers. When you enter, you will invigorate the brigade. Practice it in your leisure time."
③"Book of Wei Cui Hao Biography": "The author sacrifices the law, The order of five sects includes the etiquette of steaming and tasting, the festival of abundance and frugality, and the principles of morality. "
2. Refers to the knowledge that pays attention to Confucian classics.
① "Book of Han·Biography of Liu Xin": "Ji Xinzhi's "Zuo Shi" quoted the passages to explain the scriptures, turned them around and invented them, and the meanings of the chapters and sentences were well prepared."
② "Preface to "Confucius' Family Sayings" by Wang Su of the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty: "Since Su became a boy, he first aspired to study, and learned from the Zheng family. However, when looking for texts and being responsible for the truth, and testing their superiors and inferiors, the principles are unsettled, and there are many violators, so he won "
③ "Northern History·Yinyi Biography·Xu Ze": "The gentleman cultivates virtue and cultivates the world. The spirit is empty and white, the pine tree is used as bait, and the haze is inhabited. "
3. The Neo-Confucianism since the Song Dynasty is called the study of righteousness.
① Song Zhang Zai's "Confucian Classics Liku·Yili": "If you are in an urgent need to seek righteousness, you will not find it, but you can sometimes find it in your leisure time."
② "Er Cheng Yishu" Volume 18: "Or read Explaining the truth clearly; remembering ancient and modern figures and distinguishing right from wrong; or dealing with things as they should be, are all poor reasons. Confucians want to respect virtue but only talk about righteousness and principles as merit. This is why Song Dynasty ridicules Daya. "
4. Literary relatedness
①Jin Gehong's "Baopuzi·Junshi". 》: "Both modern poems and ancient poems have meanings and principles, but they are full of beauty. For scholars, they also have virtues, but one person is more interested in art and literature, which is not an example."
② Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty Volume 1 of "Guitian Lu": "The essays are written lightly, without asking for justice, but to praise each other for quickness and speed."
5. Still the truth
① "With Zhang Zihou" by Su Shi of the Song Dynasty "Book": "Remembering the crimes is really meaningless."
① "Water Margin" Chapter 36: "That guy from the Zhao family was a cunning man. Now he is so violent that he is a fool. What kind of justice do he know?" ?"
③Guo Moruo's "The Return of the Chicken": "Then the landlady H is a person who talks about principles."
Yixue Terminology
From "Yi". Components. Refers to the literary meaning and principles of "The Book of Changes". That is, the philosophical thought of "The Book of Changes".
"Yi" refers to the meaning and meaning of the hexagram names, hexagram words and line words; "Li" refers to the principles and principles of "Yi". Yi Yi contains elements of Yi Li. Yi Li is the display and development of Yi Yi. Yi Li embodies the philosophical thought of "Yi".
"Yi Zhuan" annotates and elucidates the "Yi Jing" and proposes that "one yin and one yang are called Tao" ("On the Tablet"), "the two qi are connected to each other...the sense of heaven and earth" And all things come into being, ("Xian Tuan"), "Hardness and softness push each other and change in it" ("Xici Xia"), "Life is called Yi" ("Xici Xia"), "When poverty is poor, it changes. "Change leads to generalization, generalization leads to long-lasting" ("Xici") and other propositions about the fundamental laws of the universe. It is believed that "Yi has Tai Chi, which gives rise to two rituals, two rituals give rise to four images, and four phenomena give rise to Bagua" ("Xici 1") ), that is, "Yi" is the origin and fundamental principle of all things in the universe. It also believes that people must "wait for the times" and "continue to strive for self-improvement" and have a sense of "worry". It also promotes the hierarchical concept of "Heaven is superior to earth and earth is inferior" and "self-blessed by God". In short, the spiritual thought of "no harm is harmful". Some people believe that "Yi Jing" and "Yi Zhuan" reflect the simple dialectic thought, materialist epistemology, materialist view of nature, and reflect the political thought, economic thought, moral and ethical thought, and social evolution of the time. View of history, (Zhang Liwen's "Research on Zhouyi Thoughts") "The Book of Changes" was developed in later generations and became complex. Wangbi of Wei used Lao-Zhuang's metaphysics to explain the Yi-Li, Song Chengyi and Zhu Xi used Neo-Confucianism to explain the Yi-Li, and Zhang Zai used Qi theory to explain the Yi-Li. , Yang Jian, etc. all use their own opinions to explain the Yili. Many of them have deviated from the original meaning of "Yili".
< p> Pre-Qin refers to the principles that are suitable for all, the Han and Jin Dynasties refer to the classics and theory, and after the Song Dynasty, it refers to the Confucian classics and theory. In the Qing Dynasty, learning was divided into principles, vocabulary, and textual research. Yao Ding's "Fu Qin". "Xiao Xian Shu": "The world's academic affairs can be divided into principles, articles, and textual research."