Manned space flight is a round-trip flight activity in which human beings drive and ride manned spacecraft to engage in various explorations, research, experiments, production and military applications in space. Its purpose is to break through the barrier of the earth's atmosphere, overcome the gravity of the earth, and expand the scope of human activities from land, ocean and atmosphere to space. A broader and deeper understanding of the whole universe. And make full use of the special environment of space and manned spacecraft to carry out various research and experimental activities. Exploiting the extremely rich resources in space.
According to different flight and working modes, manned spacecraft can be divided into three categories: manned spacecraft, manned space station and space shuttle. Manned spacecraft are divided into single-person spacecraft and multi-person spacecraft according to the number of people on board. According to the operating range, it is divided into satellite manned spacecraft and manned spacecraft to the moon; Manned space station, also known as orbital station or space station, can be used by many astronauts to live and work. The space shuttle can be used as a manned spaceship and a space station for manned space activities. It is also a reusable carrier.
First, manned spacecraft
Manned spacecraft is a spacecraft that can ensure astronauts to live and work in outer space to perform space missions and return to the ground, also known as spacecraft. Its running time is limited, and it is a returning manned spacecraft, which can only be used once. Manned spacecraft can carry out space activities independently, can also be used as a "ferryman" between the ground and the space station, and can also dock with the space station or other spacecraft for joint flight. The manned spacecraft is small in size, limited by the amount of consumable materials it carries, and cannot be replenished and cooperated repeatedly.
Manned spacecraft has many uses, mainly including: (1) flying in low-earth orbit and testing various manned space technologies, such as rendezvous and docking in orbit, astronauts leaving the cabin in orbit and entering space activities; (2) To study the effects of weightlessness in orbit and space radiation on human body and develop space medicine; (3) Manned landing on the moon; (4) transporting personnel and materials for the space station; (5) Conducting military reconnaissance and earth resources investigation; (6) temporary astronomical observation.
Manned spacecraft generally consists of crew, return module, orbital module, service module, docking module and emergency rescue device, and the spacecraft landing on the moon also has a lunar module. The return module is the core module of manned spacecraft and the control center of the whole spacecraft. The return capsule, like other capsules, not only bears various stresses and environmental conditions during takeoff, ascent and orbital operation, but also bears deceleration overload and pneumatic heating during reentry and return to the ground. Orbital module is the working place of astronauts in orbit, which is equipped with various experimental instruments and equipment. Service module is usually equipped with propulsion system, power supply and gas source to ensure the service of spacecraft. Docking module is a module for docking with space station or other spacecraft.
Second, the biggest difference between manned and unmanned space flight
Why the test spacecraft is not manned lies in the extremely high requirements for the safety and reliability of rockets and spacecraft. Life is a matter of life, and because of the high technical difficulty, astronauts must go through unmanned experiments or animal experiments before going to heaven. The former Soviet Union conducted five unmanned spacecraft tests before Gagarin went into space, and the United States launched eight unmanned spacecraft.
Third, why doesn't the spaceship look like a ship?
In fact, the shape of the spaceship is not like a ship, so it is named because it wants to fly between the land and the vast sea and act as a boat. Spacecraft can be divided into manned spacecraft and cargo spacecraft. Generally speaking, a manned spacecraft has three cabins, one is called the propulsion cabin, which is responsible for the power of the spacecraft and is located at the bottom of the spacecraft; One is called the return cabin, which is the cockpit for astronauts to take off, return and live and work. It is also the control center of the spacecraft and the communication center with the ground. It is the core cabin of manned spacecraft, located in the middle of the spacecraft. There are also orbital modules, equipped with various instruments, which can be used for scientific experiments and earth observation. If you need to dock with other spacecraft in space, you need a docking mechanism.
When the spacecraft returns, not all the cabins return, only the return cabin returns to the ground, and the other cabins remain in space.
Fourth, why did the rocket install the "escape tower"
"Lightning rod" is actually a life-saving system for astronauts, and its scientific name is "escape tower". Both the Soviet Union and the United States have escape tower devices on rockets that launch manned spacecraft. Its function is to help the astronauts in the spacecraft get out of the danger zone and land safely from 15 minutes before the rocket takes off to10 seconds after the rocket takes off, that is, when the flying altitude is within 1 10 km. The escape tower is technically difficult. In case of danger, the escape tower must quickly pull the spacecraft away from the rocket. If the speed is too fast, the huge overload will make the human body unbearable. And if the speed is slow, there is a danger that the parachute will not open because of its low height. How to reach an appropriate balance point is a big problem. Long before the launch of the Shenzhou manned spacecraft, China space scientists and technicians had successfully completed the flight test of the escape tower.
5. How does the rocket stand on the tower?
For the first time, the launch adopted the "three vertical modes", that is, the modes of vertical assembly, vertical testing and overall vertical transportation. In the past, the final assembly, testing and transportation of rockets were all carried out "lying down". After reaching the launch tower, rocket, fairing, satellite, etc. Be hung up and assembled, and then tested again. Experts said that changing "lying" to "standing" this time can make the rocket less suffering from disassembly. Ensure that the technical state of the rocket is the same as when it is launched, and the "stay" time of the rocket on the launch tower can also be greatly shortened. Generally, rockets can be launched in three days, which reduces the adverse effects of the external environment on rockets.
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