The most famous virtual graves in legend are five virtual graves built by Zhong Ni's disciples. Yu Yue, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, quoted Dong Jia's Miscellanies in Tea Fragrance Room as saying that there were five fake graves on the west side of Confucius' tomb, all made of stone. These tombs were built by his disciples to prevent future generations from digging.
It is said that after Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng unified the six countries, he ordered people to dig these virtual graves, and a white rabbit ran out from them. This statement is obviously nonsense. However, it can be seen that robbing tombs and digging graves was already a social phenomenon in Confucius' era. In order to prevent grave robbers from robbing graves, anti-grave robbery has become something that must be considered.
Schleswig-Holstein was the founder of the post-Zhao Dynasty in the Sixteen Kingdoms period and was once a slave of the Han Dynasty. He is a young hero. /kloc-when he was 0/9 years old, he formed the army "Eighteen Riders" and became a general himself. With the development of strength, he conquered the city, established the post-Zhao kingdom, and ascended the throne of the emperor.
After the death of his mother king, Schleswig-Holstein secretly buried his mother in order to prevent grave robbery, and then buried her in a virtual tomb to hide her eyes and ears. The Book of Jin records: "The Queen Mother died and was buried in the valley. I don't know where." After preparing for the Nine Life Ceremony, it was buried in the south of Guo Xiang. "
Twenty years later, in 333 AD, Schleswig-Holstein died, and he also adopted the anti-tomb-robbing method of virtual tomb and suspected tomb. Like his mother, he hid in the valley, and then set up a virtual tomb in the name of "Gaopingling" to confuse the sight of grave robbers. Gaoling is located 30 miles southwest of Cheng Xiangguo. There are no fences or trees.
According to historical records, when Schleswig was buried, more than a dozen coffins were carried out at the same time at night and buried separately to confuse the people at that time.
It is uncertain whether Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was influenced by Schleswig-Holstein's secret burial method, but his inspiration for opposing grave robbery should be the same.
After Schleswig's death, his second son Shi Hong succeeded to the throne, and his nephew Shi Hu succeeded to the throne. After Shi Hu's death, Yuan Ling was buried. According to historical records, the original mausoleum was also a virtual tomb, but Shi Hu was not buried in Yu Ling.
"History as a Mirror Jin Mumiao" (volume 100) records that in the third year of Emperor Wu of Soochow (AD 359), the former Yan Emperor Murong had a dream that Shi Hu bit his arm, and in a rage, he went to dig the original tomb and wanted to whip the body to vent his anger. But after opening the tomb, Shi Hu's body was not found. Obviously, inspired by his uncle, Shi Hu also adopted a virtual tomb.
Digging a grave in the rocks on the cliff is another move against grave robbery. Taking the mountain as the mausoleum is obviously much better than the earth-sealed mausoleum with holes on the flat ground. But this reckless law cannot be built by ordinary people, nor can it be built.
This tomb was dug on a cliff without another mound, which is commonly known as "cliff tomb" in archaeology. This kind of tomb was quite popular in the Western Han Dynasty. For example, the tomb of Wang Jing in Zhongshan, Hebei Province, the tomb of Wang Lu in Qufu, Shandong Province, and the tomb of Han Dynasty in Guishan, Xuzhou, which were discovered by archaeological excavations today, were all made by digging huge caves on the cliff.
Cliff tombs have a long history and appeared as early as the Warring States Period. It is distributed in cliff tombs in Wuyishan, Jiangxi Province, and the forms are single hole single burial, single hole group burial and combined hole group burial. The coffin is made of whole wood. Archaeological findings show that most of them are ancient tombs during the Warring States period. From this point of view, the royal anti-theft burial style of "depending on the mountain as the mausoleum" was inspired by the folk cliff burial system.
Li Shimin's Zhaoling Xuan Palace. It is this kind of anti-theft method that is used to dig Jiuyi Mountain (now Liquan County, Shaanxi Province). Later, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty mobilized many people and hollowed out the nearby mountains with good feng shui.
Digging a grave in a deep mountain is strong and unusual, and the anti-theft effect is naturally extraordinary, but there are also obvious "loopholes". The entrance to the Xuan Palace is easy to be found by grave robbers.
How to seal the hole, craftsmen take great pains, in which pouring with molten iron is one of the hard moves.
According to official records, the most famous iron-sealed tombs are the Tailing Tombs of Li Zhi and Wu Zetian in Tang Gaozong. According to the "Pavilion Meeting", "Ganling Yuan Palace, its doors are closed with stones, and its stone joints are fixed with cast iron."
Ganmu Road is located on the hillside south of Beifeng, with a length of 63 1 m and a width of 3, 9 m, which is in a slope shape. Between the entrance to the tomb, as many as 39 floors were filled with swallowing strips, and nearly 4 thousand stones were used. Tie the stone bars firmly with iron backing plates, connect the upper and lower layers with iron bars, and then fuse the joints with tin iron. The stone strip is engraved with words (including the name of the stonemason), and * * * found 363 words such as "Jiao Cai … I".
Archaeological results show that there is no trace of Ganling being stolen at present. It can be seen that Wu Zetian's anti-theft technique is quite successful.
"Youyang Miscellaneous Corpse" (Volume 13) written by Duan in the Tang Dynasty is about a solid tomb cast with iron juice.
Judge Miao, Zhuang is in Gaoling, and Zhuang Ke has been in arrears for five or six years. Gui Zhuang, an Oracle bone official, wanted to be held accountable, but Man Cang envied him. I haven't lost yet. When the monster asked, he learned the situation of the day: "I have been a guest in the public manor for two or three years. Been a thief for a long time. There is an ancient tomb nearby. Go west to Zhuang Shili. It's very high. You have to walk 200 steps to get to the tomb. There is a monument beside the tomb, and the words are indelible and unreadable in the grass. At the beginning, we dug ten feet and stopped a stone gate, and it was fixed with iron juice. Only in this way can we open it.
It can be seen that no matter how clever the anti-theft tactics are, they can also be cracked by cunning grave robbers. Grave robbers water it with sulfuric acid every day. Finally, the iron juice dissolved, allowing the grave robbers to succeed.
The most unique anti-tomb-robbing moves in mound tombs are "sand accumulation" and "stone accumulation". There is also a technical term for this kind of tomb, which is called "Sand Grave" and "Stone Grave". If it is compound, it is a "sand tomb".
"Grave with accumulated sand", commonly known as quicksand tomb, is one of the most troublesome and fearful types of grave robbers, which appeared very early.
During construction, the underground space with a depth of more than ten meters and an area of dozens or even hundreds of square meters is excavated, according to the geomantic theory. After determining the direction and orientation of the coffin, bury the coffin with fried fine sand instead of backfilling with soil. Sand is buried to a certain position and thickness before it is covered with soil. Tamp and build it.
Why do you want to fry the sand dry? First, keep the underground dry environment to prevent the corpse from rotting; The other is to strengthen the anti-theft effect.
Dry fine sand, such as water, is extremely mobile, so grave robbers can't dig a stolen hole at all, because the sand will flow when digging, and it's not stealing a hole at all. Even if it is dug, it is very easy to cause landslides and make grave robbers martyrs.
In May 2005, archaeologists conducted a comprehensive excavation of Guo Zhuang Chu Tomb. Ma Hou, an associate researcher at Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology who participated in the excavation, revealed that the anti-theft moves of the whole tomb were linked one by one: the tomb was as deep as 17 meters, of which 10 meters was buried in sand. Two fake coffins were added directly above and on the side of the main coffin. In order to be realistic, small funerary objects were placed. The design of the tomb is also unique. Different from the usual tomb, the pyramid-shaped mound goes straight to the bottom of the tomb, but it changes its direction. If the grave robbers walk down the pyramid-shaped mound, they will never see the real tomb.
The funerary objects in this Chu tomb can be preserved for more than two thousand years without being stolen. It is entirely because of this interlocking anti-tomb-robbing design. Found it at the scene. There are 17 stolen caves in this tomb, among which the earliest stolen cave was dug during the Warring States period, which is about three meters outside the north gate of the tomb. This is a stepped inclined hole. I will not dig it after I find sand coming down.
Stone accumulation is also a unique trick of the ancients to guard against theft, which is more widely used than sand accumulation. At 1988, TombNo. 25 1 excavated in Jinsheng Village, Taiyuan belongs to the tomb in the late Spring and Autumn Period. After opening, it was found that there were "stones and carbon deposits" on the surface. Stones are piled up to kill grave robbers, and carbon is deposited to prevent corpses from rotting.
Archaeological excavations of Gushi Tomb, Zenghou Yi Tomb, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Weiling Mausoleum are all large tombs. Most stones, sand and carbon are piled up inside and outside. Accumulated stones are generally placed around or at the four corners of the tomb, but the anti-theft design of accumulated stones in Guo Zhuang Chu Tomb is the best. Archaeologists found more than 1 000 pieces of accumulated stones in the sand layer of Gezhuang Chu Tomb, weighing from 3 kg to 1.65 kg. These stones have various colors and shapes, but the edges and corners are very sharp, and they should be deliberately mined and selected, which is lethal. It can be roughly divided into rocky layer, top stone layer, top stone layer, waist stone layer and undercover stone layer, which can prevent grave robbers from entering from different parts.
There are more than 50 stones scattered on the upper layer of accumulated sand, which are irregular in weight, size and position, and it is impossible to prevent them, playing the role of "hidden weapons" in Leng Shi.
Among all the methods of anti-grave robbery, the most mysterious one is "Fu Nu". The crossbow is an arrow, and the Fu Nu is an anti-theft mechanical device, which is located in the dead hole of the grave (the only place where grave robbers must pass) and can automatically shoot sharp arrows. Mechanical crossbow, that is, mechanical bow.
Generally, only the Imperial Mausoleum and other advanced mausoleums are used in Fu Nu, and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang has the "Fu Nu". Guo Moruo wrote in the first section of the third chapter of China Historical Draft: "In order to prevent future generations from digging his grave, Qin Shihuang ordered craftsmen to install many crossbows to shoot people who tried to enter the grave."
Cao Cao also has organs in the legend of Gaoling, but this statement has not been seen in the official history. Pu Songling's "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio Cao Cao's Tomb" (volume 10) records that "there is a swift river outside the program city, with deep cliffs. In midsummer, someone takes a bath and is suddenly hit by a knife and axe, and the body will explode: so will the last person. Phase inversion is amazing. When the massacre heard about it, it sent many people to cut off the upstream and drain its water. There is a deep hole under the cliff with a wheel in the middle, and the blade on the wheel is like frost. Go around and attack, there are small tablets inside, and the words are all Chinese seals. Look carefully, so is Cao Mengde's tomb. Break the coffin and scatter the bones, and take away all the treasures you sacrificed. "
Strange things came out after the grave robbers opened the closed tomb. "When they opened it, arrows rained down and hit several people. People are afraid to go out. If there is no one else in the trial, they will cover their ears and let them throw stones at them. Every time you need to throw an arrow, you will throw more than ten stones, and the arrow will not recur. Because of the torch, when the second door opened, there were ten Woodenhead, and several people were injured. When people hit it with sticks, the battle will fail. Statues of soldiers and guards are painted on the wall. There is a large lacquer coffin on the south wall, which is hung by iron rope and piled with gold and jade under it. People who are afraid will be plundered first. The two corners of the coffin suddenly rustled and the sand rushed into the face. After a while, the wind was very strong, and the sand poured out like a piece of paper, not reaching the knee. Everyone is afraid to leave. Bibi, the door has been blocked. One person (after a glance) buried himself in the sand, but thanked him in the same way and vowed not to engage in burial. "
This article reveals the power of Fu Nu. In this ancient tomb, there are all kinds of anti-theft designs, not only organic crossbows, but also sand accumulation, a grave robber who entered the ancient tomb. Because the reaction was a little slow, it was buried by accumulated sand.
In addition to Fu Nu and crossbow, there is also a "hanging sword" as a murder weapon in the tomb, but the anti-theft principle of these two things is similar. Among the tombs of stolen celebrities, there is a "hanging sword" in the tomb of Yuan Tiangang, a geomantic master in the Tang Dynasty.
Yuan's tomb is located in the east ash camp tree, thirty-five miles northwest of Zhangdecheng. The tomb wall is made of brick, and there is a clear water pool inside. The pool is bottomless, and there is a sharp steel cone in the pool water.
According to local rumors, Li, a grave robber from nearby Lijiapo, opened Yuan's grave and stole the golden cudgel Jin Jian and more than 20 pieces of hardware. There is even a sword hanging from the top of the tomb. The two men fell into the water and died because their swords were too strong. After that, the bodies were fished out and smashed by sharp tools. Since then, although everyone knows that there is treasure in the tomb, no one dares to take it.
Another way to prevent grave robbery is to use self-forest stones to top the dead tomb. In the imperial mausoleum, the anti-theft design is strict. Especially in the back room (where the guests are), the security is more strict. On the long pyramid-shaped mound dedicated to operating coffin plates, there are generally at least seven blue stone gates from the entrance to Defoe. There are organs in the tunnels, and the stone gates overlap from several tons to dozens of tons. The outermost layer is commonly called "Pangang Wall", and the location of King Kong Wall is quite steep, so it is difficult for insiders to find the first imperial tomb excavated by Lu Xun in 9 years, which was in the weak year of Zhu Yijun 19 in Ming Shenzong. May 19, Kaoji _ personnel dug the first shovel, but
Behind the stone gate of the King Kong Wall, there is an equally mysterious one. "Zilaishi", a stone, is actually a rectangular stone pillar, which plays the role of a door handle and has the miraculous effect of "one stone is a communication, and ten thousand people can't force it". The two stone gates in Dingling are very heavy, 3.3m high and1.7m wide. The natural stone length of the top gate 1, 6 meters.
The coffin was set, the staff were evacuated, and no one stayed inside. How does this natural stone resist? It turns out that the secret lies in the design of the stone gate and the door shaft. The butting edges of the two doors are buckled, and the upper and lower ends of the door shaft are polished into spheres. When chiseling, the fork is in the same position between the two stone gates, leaving a raised notch. Before closing the stone gate, the craftsman put the natural stone in the groove of the stone building on the ground and trapped the natural stone with a 7-shaped object commonly known as a crutch nail. When 1 personnel leave the basement gang of the underground palace. Close the door first, and the craftsman pulls the crutch nail to make it lean forward slowly. So as to be butted with the left sulfur notch on the stone gate. After the stone is tilted, with the help of huge weight, the door shaft will be used to press the stone door to rotate. At this time, the craftsman quickly removed the nail, and the stone gate automatically closed until it was completely closed. Natural stone, with both ends inserted in the stone trough, will cling to the stone gate, and people who don't know the tricks can't open it at all.
There are many lost paths in general tombs. After a grave robber opens the first stone gate, he may not be able to find the second one, nor may he be able to open the third one after finding the second stone gate. The "organs" behind the Shimen are different.
1928, when the warlord Sun Dianying robbed the Qing Dongling, the soldiers were divided into several ways. When stealing the tomb of Cixi, the last stone gate in the underground palace stopped him. Originally, I was going to blast it with explosives, but I was afraid of damaging the treasures in the mausoleum, so I used stupid methods to bump it. Forty soldiers smashed the stone gate with thick wooden barbells. Later, when investigating at the scene, investigators found that the natural stone of Xiangmen was smashed into several pieces.
When another soldier was robbing Emperor Qianlong's Yuling, he couldn't open the stone gate in front of Gongxuan Palace. In desperation, he had to explode. After the Shimen explosion, the soldiers were surprised to find a great miracle: six people, including Gan Long, Empress Xiao Xianchun and Emperor Guifei of Zhemin, were buried in Yuling, and the other five orange coffins were all on the stone bed, but Gan Long hoped that the coffins would "come down" and become "self-invited stones" to block the Shimen.
Superstition is that Qianlong knew something underground and that a thief was coming to dig Yuling, so he went down to the top door alone. But in 1975, when archaeologists cleaned the Yuling underground palace, the same miracle appeared again, and Qianlong's coffin "walked" down the top door again. Some experts believe that this is caused by the buoyancy of groundwater, which makes the coffin float, but why don't the other five move? Moreover, the four corners of the dried catalpa coffin are fixed with heavy stones. If it is the buoyancy of groundwater, it can only be achieved when there are big waves, and the infiltrated water obviously does not have this condition.
Experts have so far failed to give a convincing archaeological conclusion about the top door of Ganlong's coffin, which has become an interesting mystery.
The "Han Old Instrument" said, "We must take this as a camp, with stones inside and sand outside. Households will ambush crossbows, fire, bows and arrows and sand, and we will have the opportunity to build ancient systems." This passage reveals that "hidden fire" in ancient tombs is one of the traditional means of ancient people's anti-tomb design.
This kind of ancient tomb also has a name, called the fire pit tomb. In some places, grave robbers are commonly called fire holes.
There was a "lying fire" at Mawangdui 1 Tomb ("Xin Zhui Tomb") in Changsha, which shocked the world. The discovery of this tomb is quite legendary. Located on the north side of Changliu Highway in the eastern suburb of Changsha, about 4 kilometers away from the city center. According to local records, this place is the family cemetery of Ma Yin, King of Chu in the Five Dynasties, hence the name Mawangdui.
197 1 year, all localities began to prepare for war with the content of "digging deep, accumulating grain and not seeking hegemony". The military hospital stationed in the eastern suburb of Changsha saw Mawangdui, which was tens of meters high, and decided to hollow it out and build a secret underground hospital.
During drilling detection, a cold gas is ejected from the hole, and the operator wants to test the pressure of the ejected gas, so he pours water into it. But the water did overflow. Experienced people thought of the fire hole, struck a match and lit a fire, so they speculated that there must be an undiscovered ancient tomb below.
The action troops reported the abnormal situation to the Hunan Provincial Museum in time. /kloc-0 At the beginning of 972, archaeologists conducted a comprehensive excavation of this tomb. Two thousand years ago, this lady named Xin Zhui was Queen Li Cang. Appear in front of modern people. Burying fire is quite scary for grave robbers, but whether burying fire in ancient tombs belongs to anti-theft design is controversial in academic circles. Whether there is hidden fire in the tomb has become one of the experiences of grave robbers to judge whether the tomb has been stolen. If there is a fire, it can basically be concluded that the ancient tomb is intact.
Anti-tomb raiding trick 8: placing poison
In ancient books, there are many records of poison tombs. Liu Qu, the king of Guang Chuan in the Han Dynasty, found that the tomb was poured with iron juice when he robbed the tomb of Wei Xiangwang in the Warring States Period. After opening it, there was an amazing discovery, and a poisonous gas was spewed out inside. "Yellow gas is like fog, it is difficult to touch people's nose and eyes, and you can't enter." Use soldiers to defend and rest for seven days. "
The poison commonly used by ancient people is mercury. In the Qin and Han Dynasties and earlier tombs, there were many records of the use of mercury, and there was a mercury pool in Qi Huangong's tomb, which was formed by the evaporation of mercury. This has brought great trouble to grave robbers.
Put mercury in the mausoleum, the most famous of which is the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor (Volume 6) records that "mercury is a hundred rivers and seas, instilled by machines, with astronomy on the top and geography on the bottom". Its mausoleum used an amazing amount of mercury, which filled the whole stratum in the mausoleum and formed a terrible poisonous river. Imagine, in a closed space, if a grave robber invades, who can come out alive?
Are the ptomaine and poison gas in the ancient tomb intentionally placed by the ancients or formed the day after tomorrow? The archaeological community is also controversial. A few days before they died, the ancients often took things like cinnabar when they knew that their lives were coming. To ensure that the body will not rot for a long time after death. There is another reason. The ancients, including emperors' superstitious elixir, cinnabar and elixir, all contained toxic substances such as mercury, which accumulated in the body and bones. After a long time, it will inevitably be emitted, objectively forming a "ptomaine."
No matter where the poison in the ancient tomb comes from, the poison tomb does exist. Therefore, thieves or archaeologists in later generations will be careful to prevent poisoning.
Among all anti-theft methods, martyrdom is mysterious, and of course it is also the most violation of human rights.
At that time, after Ying Zheng died in Dunyutai, Hebei Province, Qin Ershi Hu Hai, the heir, transported his body back to Xianyang and buried it in a mausoleum built near Lishan for many years. After the funeral, in order to prevent leaks, Hu Hai ordered no survivors. How many survivors did Hu Hai kill? There is no specific data. Sima Qian only concluded that the deceased was lying down. If 700,000 people who have been sent to spiritual practice are executed, it will be the greatest martyrdom in the world.
In early royal funerals, craftsmen and insiders were usually executed on the spot, which has become an old habit and is called "martyrdom". In fact, this is an action to prevent insiders from leaking secrets, and it is a means of anti-theft.
The most famous martyrdom in the tombs of ancient emperors in China occurred after the death of Genghis Khan. This matter is not only recorded by China people, but also written by foreigners. At that time, Kyle, an Italian Venetian businessman who traveled to the East and shouldered the special mission of the Pope? Poirot, in Kyle? It is recorded in the Travel Notes of Polo (translated version). On the way to transport Genghis Khan's coffin, the escort will kill everyone he meets as a martyr and say to them; "Leave this world and serve your dead master in the underworld."
They are convinced that the slain will become Khan's slaves in the underworld, where they kill the best horses for the Lord to enjoy. When Genghis Khan's body was transported to Altai Mountain, the soldiers and horses escorted killed nearly 2,000 people along the way.
The anti-theft tricks mentioned above are all "real tricks", and there is also a "virtual trick". Spells are also a means to prevent grave robbery. Although the empty move is empty. However, he did not lose his luster, and psychologically killed the grave robbers, making them retreat from difficulties and stop stealing.
The most famous spell in the world comes from the tomb (pyramid) of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun was the Pharaoh of the first 18 dynasty in ancient Egypt. He was 18 years old when he died.
1922, British archaeologist Howard? Carter and his companions entered Tutankhamun's mausoleum. Tutankhamun's coffin room is guarded by two samurai statues, which contain four golden shrines, a crystal coffin and three coffins. Tutankhamun, wearing a A Jin cotton robe, lies in an inner coffin made of pure gold, and there is a spell on the coffin-anyone who interferes with the peace of Pharaoh will die on his head. In addition, there is a sentence on the coffin-I saw yesterday and I know tomorrow.
Tutankhamun has a scar on his face. Through X-ray examination, Tutankhamun was found to have suffered brain injury. Archaeologists think something must have happened at that time.
Before Tutankhamun died, the spell was fulfilled, Howard? Carter was infected after being bitten by a mosquito, and then died mysteriously.
Next, 2 1 and Howard? Carter, who participated in the archaeological excavation of Tutankhamun's mausoleum, died one after another, and the legend of "desperate spell" spread like wildfire, causing a sensation all over the world.
Since then, similar words have been found in other ancient Egyptian tombs, warning that those who desecrate this tomb will be eaten by crocodiles or pythons.
The threat of incantations to grave robbers comes from the spiritual level and can cause profound and strong psychological hints. The ancients believed in the magic and magic of spells.
Recent scientific discoveries have confirmed that the "desperate spell" of ancient Egyptian pharaohs is not mysterious. Archaeologists have died one after another because the pyramids are full of terrible cancer-causing gas oxygen, which is the real culprit of archaeologists' abnormal death. But a new mystery has emerged. How is this high-depth radon gas formed? No one can solve this mystery so far!
Top ten grave robbery cases