The origin of Baijia surnames: Surnames are titles that mark the family system and are a prerequisite for people to have social interactions. They involve thousands of households and are related to every member of society. However, the surname we are talking about now is not the same concept as the original surname, but includes both the ancient surname and surname. The surnames of the Chinese nation originated from the matrilineal clan communes of primitive society. People in the early days believed that each clan had a blood relationship with a certain animal, plant or inanimate creature, and often used this as the name of the clan, that is, the nickname of the clan. This is the totem. "Totem" is an Indian word, meaning "his relatives"; Marx clearly pointed out in the "Summary of Morgan's "Ancient Society"" that "the word totem refers to the signs and symbols of the clan." Some totems were later transformed into people's surnames. Since children at that time knew their mother but not their father, the surname represented the name of a clan with the same blood relationship, that is, the members of a clan all came from the same maternal ancestor. The word "surname" was created with a meaning. The ancient form is composed of "人" and "生", which means "born", and the surname is derived from "born". The combination of "女" and "生" to form a surname was first seen in the Qin Dynasty's "Cu Chu Wen", which means that a woman is born with a surname, and she is born with a surname. Therefore, many surnames in early China, such as Ji, Si, Jiang, Ying, etc., all contain the character "女". The surname is a branch derived from the surname. It appeared relatively late and originated from the patriarchal clan society. It is the title of the ancient noble clan system. The word "Shi" was created using pictograms, which existed as early as in oracle bone inscriptions. It was interpreted as wood, that is, the root of plants. Later it was added to the surname "Shi", which means the source of water and the root of wood. "Zuo Zhuan: The Eighth Year of Yin Gong" records: "When the emperor builds virtue, he will be given a surname because of his birth, and the clan will be named after the land." This means that the emperor established virtuous people as princes, and gave them surnames based on his birth lineage. Give him a surname, entrust him with land and name him according to the fief. It can be seen that in the pre-Qin period, surnames and surnames had a very close relationship, but they were also two different concepts. In terms of social functions, the difference between the two is that the surname is the basis for determining whether intermarriage is possible, while the surname is used to distinguish between high and low. As the historian Zheng Qiao of the Southern Song Dynasty said in "Tongzhi: Preface to the Clan": "The surname is Therefore, noble people have surnames, while low-ranking people have names but no surnames... Surnames are used to distinguish marriages, so there are differences between the same surname, different surnames, and common surnames. Those with the same surname but different surnames can be married; those with the same surname but different surnames cannot be married. possible". During the Warring States Period, with the collapse of the patriarchal system of slavery, there was no difference between surnames and surnames. Surnames became symbols of individuals and families. This is what Zheng Qiao said: "After three dynasties (i.e., Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties), "The surnames are combined into one, and they are all distinguished by marriage, and they are distinguished by place. The first person to officially mix surnames in written records was Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty. He wrote in "Historical Records" that Qin Shihuang said "surname Liu". From then on, when someone talks about a surname, a family name, or both, they all have the same meaning, that is, they actually refer specifically to the surname. Despite this, people living in feudal society were still divided into noble and lowly people, and the basis for the distinction was to see whether there was "land sight", that is, "looking at the land to determine the noble or the lowly." Diwang is the commonly used "junwang" in surnames in ancient books. It refers to the prominent families in each county from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It means that they have lived in a certain county for a long time and are looked up to by the local people. With the emergence of surnames, the study of surnames gradually emerged. The 15 chapters of "Shiben" compiled in "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" are said to have been written by historians during the Warring States Period. They are the earliest classics in China that systematically record the origin of surnames. Since then, there have been endless works on surnames, such as "Ji Jiu Zhang" written by Shi You in the Western Han Dynasty; "Qian Fu Lun·Zhi's Surnames" by Wang Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty; "General Meanings of Customs·Surnames" by Ying Shao; and "Surnames" by He Chengtian in the Southern Song Dynasty. "Surname Yuan", Qi Dynasty has Wang Jian's "Surname Genealogy", Liang Dynasty has Wang Sengru's "Hundred Family Genealogy", Xu Mian's "Hundred Family Genealogy"; Northern Qi Dynasty has Wei Shou's "Wei Shu Guanshi Zhi"; Tang Dynasty has Guan Xiu's "Clan Chronicles", Liu Chong's "Datang Surname System Records", Wei Shu's "Kaiyuan Pu", Liu Fang's "Yong Qin Pu", Zhang Jiuling's "Surname Yun Pu", Lin Bao's "Yuan Pu" and Surnames Compilation"; in the Song Dynasty, there were Wu Mingshi's "Hundred Family Surnames", Shao Si's "Explanation of Surnames", Wang Yinglin's "Surname Jiju Pian", Deng Mingshi's "Dialectics of Ancient and Modern Surname Books", Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi·Shijiu" Chapters"; in the Ming Dynasty, there were Wu Shen et al.'s "Thousand Family Surnames", Ling Dizhi's "Ancient and Modern Genealogy of Ten Thousand Surnames"; in the Qing Dynasty, there were Xiong Junyun's "New Compilation of Clan Annotations", Ren Ruohai's "Taiping Pictures and Surnames Comprehensive", Zhang Shu's "Looking for the Origin of Surnames", etc. Although these surname books have certain limitations due to the constraints of the times and stages, they can still provide a lot of useful information for today's surname research. So, how many surnames have Chinese people had from ancient times to the present? According to "Ban Yue Tan", "the Chinese nation has as many as 11,939 surnames." These surnames have a long history and are rich and colorful. Almost all have some origins and contain a vivid and interesting story. To sum up and classify them, there are roughly more than a dozen sources as follows: 1. Surnames based on the name of the country. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, especially the Zhou dynasty, vassal states, big and small, were spread all over China, and the royal families of many countries took the name of the country as their surname. 2. The surname is named after the city, pavilion or township. Yi refers to fief, also called food, fief or fief. It is the land granted by princes to ministers and officials during the slave society, including the slaves who worked on the land. Townships and pavilions are ancient administrative divisions. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were generally one pavilion per ten miles. There are about 12,500 households in each township, and one township is ten pavilions. 3. Use the place of residence as the surname. This method is generally used by people without a feudal land. There are many compound surnames, most of which indicate the place of residence in different environments. 4. Use the name or surname of the ancestor as the surname. 5. Use the posthumous name of the ancestor as the surname.
After the death of ancient emperors, princes, ministers and officials, the titles given to them to praise and criticize their good and evil deeds were called Yihao. 6. Use the title as the surname. A title is a rank granted to nobles by a monarchy. 7. Use the ranking of relatives as the surname. 8. Taking an official position as the surname. 9. Taking skills as a surname. 10. The surname is based on a person’s virtue or reputation. 11. Change of surname due to given surname or taboo. The given surname is the surname given by the emperor to his subjects. Taboo means not to speak or write the name of the emperor or respected relatives directly. 12. Changing the surname to avoid enmity or disaster. 13. Surnames of ethnic minorities and their changes. In ancient times, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Shi, Jie and other ethnic minorities in the north, west and northwest had original compound surnames, three-character surnames, and four-character surnames. After many ethnic integrations, some of them have been changed to single surnames, which are similar to the surnames of the Han people. Fusion into one. 14. Others.
The surnames of hundreds of families are Ge Zhao Qian Sun Li Zhou Wu Zheng Wang Feng Chen Zhuwei Jiang Shen Han Yang Zhu Qin You Xu He Lu Shi Zhang Kong Cao Yanhua Jin Wei Tao Jiang Qi Xie Zou Yu Bai Shui Dou Zhang Yun Su Pan Ge Xi Fan Peng Lang Lu Weichang Ma Miao Fenghua Fang Yu Ren Yuan Liufeng, Bao Shi, Tang Dynasty, Fei Lian, Cen Xue Lei, Ni Tang, Teng Yin, Luo Bi, Hao Wu, An Changle, Shi Fu, Pica, Qikang, Wu Yu, Yuan Bu, Gu Meng, Ping Huang and Mu Xiao, Yin Yao Shao Kan, Wang Qi, Mao Yu, Di Mibei, Ming Zang Ji, Fu Chengdai, Talking about Song Dynasty, Mao Pang, Xiong Ji, Shu Qu, Xiang Zhu. Dong Liang Du Ruan Lan Min Xi Ji Ma Qiang Jia Lu Lou Wei Jiang Tong Yan Guo Mei Sheng Lin Diao Zhong Xu Qiu Luo Gao Xia Cai Tian Fan Hu Ling Huo Yu Wan Zhi Ke Jiu Guan Lu Mo Jing Fang Qiu Miao Qian Jie Ying Zong Ding Xuan Ben Deng Yu Shan Hang Hong Bao Zhu Zuo Shi Cui Ji Niu Gong Cheng Ji Ning Qiu Luan Bao Gan Zhu Li Rong Zu Wu Fu Liu Jing Zhan Shu Long Ye Xing Si Shao Gao Li Ji Bo Yin Su Bai Huai Pu Tai From E Soxian Ji Lai Zhuolin Tu Meng Chi Qiao Yu Ying Li Yong Quechu Sang Gui Pu Niu Shouting Bianhu Yan Ji Jia Pu Shannong Wen Bie Zhuang Yan Chai Zhai Yan Chong Mu Lian Ru Xi Huan Ai Yurong Xiang Gu Yi Shen Ge Liao Geng Zhong Ju Hengbu Du Geng Manhong Kuang Guowen Kou Guanglu Que Dongfeng Shu Woli Wei Yue Kui Longshi Gong She Nie Chao Gou Ao Rong Leng Zi Xin Kan Na Jian Raokong Zeng Wusha Niyang Ju Xu Fengchao Guan Kuai Xiangqi Hou Jing Hong You Zhuquan Lu Gai Hou Huan Gong Wan Qi Si Immediate Official Ouyang Xiahou Zhuge Wenren Dongfang Helian Huangfu Yuchi Gongyang Dantai Gongye Zongzheng Puyang Chunyu Shanyu Taishu Shentu Gongsun Zhongsun Xuanyuan Linghu Zhongli Yu Wen Changsun Murong Xianyu Luqiu Situ Sikong Qi Guan Si Kou Shi Duzi Che Zhuan Sun Duanmu Wuma Gong Western lacquer, carving, music, Zheng soil, Si Gongliang, Tuoba, clipping, Zaifu, Guliang, Jin, Chu, Yan, Faruyan, Tuqin, Duanqianbaili, Dongguo, South gate, Huyan, Guihai, Sheep’s tongue, Weisheng, Yue Shuai, Fengkang, Houyou, Qinliang, Qiu, Zuoqiu, East gate, West gate, Shangmu Shejibo admired Nangong Moha and Qiaoda years, Aiyang Tong fifth words blessing all families with surnames