The examiner was very surprised to see this famous post. It turns out that Li Chen is the son of heaven today. He modestly called himself a "local tribute scholar" and personally sent a famous card, which shows his special care for this scientific research.
According to historical records, there is a "Peace Square" in Chang 'an, Kyoto, where there are rows of brothels, which is a romantic place. At that time, fashion, all scientific research was becoming the first, and handwritten red notes and business cards were often distributed to the floors, and the invitations were charming and interesting.
Famous posts in the Tang Dynasty are often written in red. Exquisite business cards should be written in clay gold, which is much more expensive than bamboo. However, this famous post has lost its rank, and there is no lofty wind like thorns. As can be seen from the above story, name cards have become a common item in communication, and can be used by almost anyone and anywhere from the emperor to the brothel.
Although the name "thorn" existed in the late Han Dynasty, the word "famous thorn" was first seen in the Tang Dynasty among the existing ancient books. There are words of "self-criticism" in Yuan Zhen's poem "Reward Bai Letian". The two names "famous thorn" and "famous post" were used together in the Song, Yuan and later times. Japan still calls business cards "famous thorns". It can be seen that the famous thorn was introduced to Japan as early as the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the feudal society in China entered its heyday, which promoted the great development of social economy and culture. In the early Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system was implemented, allowing some talented ordinary people to join the ruling class by their own efforts. In order to compete with the hereditary nobles for power, they helped each other in officialdom, and the door of cliques began to take shape. After each imperial examination, new subjects and candidates should visit former criminals and high-ranking people everywhere and worship them as teachers in order to be promoted in the future. To learn from a teacher, you have to hand in the "door" first, and then the name of "thorn" is changed to "door".
In the Song Dynasty, there was a business card called "Men", which was as complicated as a short message. This is mostly used when subordinates meet their superiors. After the door was shown, the boss put a "thorn" behind it before he could enter. Just like today, if you get the approval of the Chief Executive and sign it, you can enter. This kind of door is much more solemn than its business card. It is somewhat similar to the nature of "Yi" used in ancient times.
Zhang Shinan's Biography of Youguan contains a line saying, "Cheng Yun, MD, is waiting for the top scholar to attend the hearing, such as Cheng Yun, MD, who tried to make peace in September four years ago."
This is a letter from Cheng Yun, M.D., who is waiting to visit a champion in A.D. 1067, that is, a door. Xietui, as an official name, originally meant the judge elected by our envoys. Inferred from the writing format of later generations and such objects, this kind of door post is a folded post made of paper. The first line "Dr. Cheng Yun" is written on the cover, and the rest are written on the hinge.
The production of "Door" is very particular. Some doors are made by HongLing, and the characters are red and gold. Some doors are just a brocade woven with Red Velvet characters. Add the bottom shell when presenting the door. Goodbye, sir. Use a blue bottom shell. When his apprentice first met his teacher, he made a shell in HongLing. Such business cards are extravagant even today.
This kind of "door shape", also called "door post", is very different from the general "name post" in terms of appellation because of its obvious hierarchical color. Generally speaking, the name card only says: "someone wants to visit an official on a certain day, on a certain month", but the door type is different. In terms of appellation, in order to raise the other party, it is often necessary to lower their status and humbly call them "servants under the door" or "unknown pupils" In the Ming Dynasty, there was a historical legendary drama called Zhongjing Banner, which contained a story:
One day, the traitors He Zhu, Luo Ruqi and Wan Sixie in Qin Gui will visit Qin Gui together, and * * * will negotiate with the nomads from. The names on their famous cards are Zhu He who was born late, Luo Ruzhen who was born late, and Wan Sixie, a lackey under the door. When he saw this, He Zhu sighed, "According to the agreement, he wrote" Born late ". Why did he add the words' study late' and' Moon walks the dog'? So I am not good again! " The rulers of Ming Dynasty followed the imperial examination system of Tang and Song Dynasties and popularized it. Reading has become the only way for ordinary people to improve their lives, and the number of literate people has greatly increased. The opportunities for people to communicate have increased. When students meet teachers and junior officials meet senior officials, they must first introduce themselves with "business cards", which is the "door type" in the Tang and Song Dynasties. At this time, the "famous post" has something to do with the word "name". The "famous posts" in the Ming Dynasty are rectangular, usually seven inches long and three inches wide, and the face of the post should be filled with the name of the poster. If you post to your elders or superiors, the title of the "famous post" should be large, and the name on the "famous post" should be large to show humility, while the name on the "famous post" will be regarded as arrogance.
It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the name "business card" was officially called. The Qing Dynasty was the end of feudal society in China. Due to the constant invasion of the west, the contact with the outside world has increased, and foreign trade has also accelerated the popularization of business cards. Business cards in the Qing Dynasty began to be miniaturized, especially in officialdom, where officials used larger business cards to show humility and officials used smaller business cards to show their status.
The style of famous posts has not changed from the era to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At the end of Qing dynasty, famous posts were widely used. Judging from the preserved famous posts, some have indicated the detailed address, some have written personal profiles, and some have attached phrases, such as "Please send me off", which means just to say hello and not to disturb the host's return visit. Others wrote "Keep your name as a guest, don't use it for other purposes" to prevent people from being used for evil. At that time, there was no photography technology, otherwise we would stick a photo like today's business card.
At that time, the box for holding business cards was called "worship box", which was more than a foot long and several inches wide. It was made of leather or covered with brocade, and it was very luxurious.
Chinese-style famous posts were also used by diplomatic envoys in China in the late Qing Dynasty. Wu Xiaoling, a scholar, has a large collection of sacrificial posts, including the famous posts of envoys from Britain, Austria, Russia, Germany, Belgium and Japan when Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China in A.D. 1900. Cleander, the German envoy, was killed by Qing soldiers in the Gengzi Incident. There is also a famous post by Yasunari Uchida, a Japanese minister who participated in the Boxer negotiations. These famous posts became historical evidence.
The main difference between early business cards and modern business cards is that they are handwritten, not printed. After the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), printed business cards rose, but there were fewer handwritten ones. Nowadays, business cards are beautifully printed, which can be divided into offset printing and printing.
Since the Ming Dynasty, there has been a popular way of social entertainment in officialdom, that is, only handing each other business cards without actually meeting the officials who accept them. This is a way to establish friendship and pull relationships in officialdom. The Qing dynasty followed this style.
In the officialdom of Ming and Qing dynasties, it has become a practice to use famous cards as greeting cards. In the Ming Dynasty, Lu Rong described this in detail in Miscellaneous Notes on the Garden: "After the capital was returned to Yuan, I went up to court officials and down to Shu Ren, and passed by for several days, which was called New Year's greetings. However, Shu Ren worships his relatives and friends, which is more solid. Contact with officials, love more than expertise. For example, East and West Chang 'an Avenue, officials live in the most places. So far, regardless of knowledge and ignorance, they have stabbed at the door, and some have not dismounted, or they have not reached the door. " Others wrote a poem for this: "I don't want to meet each other, but I want to talk, and the famous articles are embarrassing." "I also throw some paper at people. The world is too simple and not too empty."
The first month of the Spring Festival is the time when the "Wangmenthorn" thrives. In addition to seeing old friends to pay New Year's greetings, officials mostly take the form of "knocking on the door". This not only saves time and effort, but also achieves the purpose of New Year greetings. Just according to the rule of reciprocity, if someone throws a thorn, he must reciprocate.
Sun Bao, a Qing man, expressed his disgust at the false ceremony of "looking at the door" in the diary of forgetting the mountain. He said that his concierge had a visitor register, and he felt bored and embarrassed when he saw that most of the officials who stabbed him were unknown, because according to the rules, he had to answer one by one, and some officials who needed to answer lived far away, so he had to travel long distances to stab them.
There is also a saying in the Ming Dynasty's "Famous Posts" that people who have been academicians have the right to use red paper and write big characters. Probably Hanlin is a royal scholar, different from others. "Shuicao Idle Notes" records that scholars and people with average qualifications in the early Ming Dynasty only used red business cards on New Year's Day or birthday celebrations, while people with high status could stab business cards with red names in peacetime.
In the Qing dynasty, as long as students were on it, they could use red thorns, so that ordinary scholars generally used red thorns. These scholars who took part in the imperial examination, especially those who passed the examination, were quasi-officials. Before they officially entered the political arena as officials, they had already distinguished their seniority from their business cards according to the rules of officialdom.
Later, some foreigners who respected China culture also used the name Red Thorn, and Puyi's English teacher, Johnston, was one of them. Its name is tattooed with the words "Johnston" in front, and it is printed with the words "specially for visiting, not for other purposes" at the back.