What schools of ancient philosophy are there?

The representative figure of cynicism (bucket philosopher) is kiness. Aristotle's thought represents the peak of ancient Greek philosophy in the prosperous period. Since then, ancient Greek philosophy has declined. From Macedonia's unification of Greece in the second half of the 4th century BC to Greece's conquest by Rome in the 2nd century BC, it was the decline of slavery in the ancient Greek city-states, which was called "the late ancient Greece" in history. From the first half of the 2nd century BC, Rome defeated Macedonia and annexed the ancient Greek city-states, until the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, which was the "ancient Roman period" in history. Philosophers in late ancient Greece and Rome mostly explained their thoughts by annotating predecessors' works. Although there are many insightful opinions, in general, they only synthesize the previous philosophy in different forms and lack originality. The important philosophical schools in this period include skepticism, Epicurism, Stoicism and Neo-Plato, all of which contain certain psychological thoughts. 1. The founder of the skepticism school is Pyrrho (about 365 BC-275 BC). Rationalism and empiricism bred by early ancient Greek philosophy provide two completely different ways to seek truth, either believing in internal rationality or relying on external perceptual experience. However, Pyrrho believes that neither reason nor feeling can provide real knowledge. Therefore, people had better be skeptical about everything, keep silent and don't judge easily. In this way, if you remain silent about the unknown and satisfied with the unknown, you can achieve inner peace. Pursuing peace of mind is the purpose of life. Pyrrho represented the early skepticism, and later the ancient Rome's Ainasid Hume (about BC 1 century) represented the late neo-skepticism. 2. epicureanism was founded by Epicurus (34 BC1-270 BC). He studied the thoughts of the Greek school before him, and also learned the method of inner peace from the Pyrrho school. Later, he realized that true peace can not be obtained from doubt, but only from a correct understanding of the objective world. He accepted democritus's atomism and thought that the human mind or soul is an extremely light and smooth atom. Heart in the chest, soul all over the body. It can be said that the mind is the concentrated part of the soul, and the mind directs the soul. Soul atoms are transmitted from the senses to the mind, and the mind uses the transmission of soul atoms to promote the movement of limbs. According to Epicurus, all feelings are the result of material interaction, and feelings are the result of tiny atomic groups flowing from the outside touching human senses. Epicurus believed that thinking depended on feeling. After feeling a thing many times, with the help of memory, we form a general image of it, and we can rely on many general images to think. A general image or concept, which he calls foresight, because people can use it to predict what they are looking for. Epicurus believed that all feelings were accompanied by feelings of pain or happiness. Pain is due to the disruption of the original proper atomic arrangement of the human body, while happiness is due to the restoration or new balance of this arrangement. Epicurus also believes that people pursue happiness and avoid pain, but people must have morality, because people with morality must be happy, and truly happy people must also have morality, and happiness and morality are inseparable. Although he said happiness includes physical happiness, it mainly refers to long-term comprehensive relaxation, not temporary indulgence. Epicurus opposed religion and all superstitions, and thought that they could not make people quiet, because all life and death were just the combination and separation of atoms, which had nothing to do with God, and there was no need to feel uneasy because of religious beliefs or superstitions. Epicurus' thought was later inherited by Lucretius (about 98-53 BC) in ancient Rome. He is the author of Tian Lun and preaches Epicurus. 3. Stoicism (Garden Philosopher) The meaning of Stoicism is corridor, and it was named after it gave lectures in a gallery in Athens. The founder of this school is Zhi Nuo (about 336 BC-264 BC). Stoicism holds that the world is both material and rational. The human soul is material and a part of the world rationality, so people should obey rationality. All changes are manifestations of world rationality, and they are doomed rather than accidental. This school therefore believes in prophecy and divination. The Stoic school believes that the mind has eight parts, including five senses, reproductive ability, language ability and rationality. Reason is the highest part and resides in the heart. When a person is born, his heart is blank and he has no natural thoughts. All knowledge comes from feelings, and concepts are gradually formed by most feelings. Rationality also develops from feeling and matures at the age of 14. Reason has internal and external activities, the former is the role of judgment and choice, and the latter is language expression. This school divides psychological activities into two categories: cognition and emotion. Emotions can be divided into benign, normal and excessive and morbid. The former is a happy, cautious and reasonable wish, while the latter is a happy, sad, horrible and unreasonable wish. Excessive emotions are rational misjudgments, happiness and sadness are misjudgments of the present, and terror and unreasonable desires are misjudgments of the future. Zhi Nuo represented the early Stoicism, and later Seneca (about 2-65) and Antonio of ancient Rome (120- 180) represented the late Neo-Stoicism. Stoicism was finally absorbed by Christianity. 4. The Neo-Plato School regards Plato's works as the source of truth on the basis of Plato's idealism, with Plotinus (205-270) as the main representative. He believes that the origin of the world is "that one", and everything "overflows" from there. The process of "overflow" is a descending process from high to low, and the heart first "overflows" from "Taiyi". The heart has the nature of "Taiyi", which is very similar to "Taiyi" and is complete. The mind imitates "Taiyi" and "expels" the soul from itself. When the soul looks at its source, it fills the mind. When it flows in other opposite directions, it produces its own image and the whole perceptual real world. It can be seen that this "universal" theory is just a repetition of Plato's idealism in a mysterious way. It became one of the main ideological sources of later Christian teachings. In a word, ancient Greece and Rome are the hometown of western psychological thought and the source of modern psychological science. From the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD, the philosophy and psychological thoughts of ancient Greece and Rome opened the prelude to the history of western psychology. Its central problem is to explore what the soul is and take the soul and its activities as the research object of psychology. Around this issue, thinkers have launched a series of debates on different issues such as the relationship between body and mind and psychological process, which laid the foundation for the functional psychology of the soul in the Middle Ages.