[Edit this paragraph] The history of the top scholar
The number one scholar is a specialty of China and one of the most grandiose terms in Chinese imperial examination system. The selection of the top scholar in the imperial examination system was based on the Sui Dynasty, established in the Tang Dynasty and completed in the Song Dynasty. From the imperial examination in the fifth year of Tang Gaozu Wude (622) to the last scientific examination in the thirtieth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1904), during the period of 1282, * * selected 654 literary champions and 65438 martial champions (with names recorded).
The number one scholar is similar to the number one scholar in today's gaopu exam. At present, there are about 700 top scholars who have left their names in historical books. They all became world-famous after studying hard and became the leaders of scientific research at that time. Because literature and philosophy are the criteria for selecting talents in past dynasties, although there are many politicians and historians among these top scholars, there are still many writers. Among them, He, Wang Wei and Liu Gongquan in Tang Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang in Song Dynasty, Yang Shen in Ming Dynasty and Weng Tonghe and Zhang Jian in Qing Dynasty. The number one scholar in middle school is called "the best in the world", which is the highest honor for scholars. However, due to personal factors or the constraints of the environment at that time, most of the champions were unable to reach out and make a difference, and eventually got lost in the torrent of history.
At first, the champion was called the "champion". It turns out that the taxis that took the exam in the Tang Dynasty were sent to Beijing by state tributes, and "forms" need to be delivered before taking the exam, which is similar to the situation of filling in the information in today's exam. After the exam, the one who puts the highest score at the front is called "head". The first person is also called the champion because of his head shape. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examination was listed as the number one scholar, the number two scholar and the number two flower explorer, collectively known as the "Three Ding Family". The position of the champion is becoming more and more special. As usual, the new champion is edited by Liu Pin Hanlin Academy. Hanlin is called "storing the phase" because this position is closer to the emperor and the chances of promotion are faster than those in the same list.
In the court examination in Qing Dynasty, the examinee's calligraphy is the main way to judge its quality. The Qing government originally only required the papers to be neat and tidy, which was convenient for examiners to read. During the reign of Kangxi, Kangxi, who was middle-aged, became interested in calligraphy, so scholars all over the world practiced calligraphy diligently in an atmosphere of upward mobility and downward mobility. This trend has a great influence on the selection of top scholars. In the 30th year of Kangxi, palace examination elected Wu Min as the number one scholar, but Kangxi liked the calligraphy of Dai Youqi, who ranked second, so Dai Youqi became the number one scholar appointed by hand.
The first scholar in China's imperial examination history was Sun Wude in the 5th year of Tang Dynasty (AD 622), and the last scholar was in the 30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1904).
[Edit this paragraph] China was the top scholar in all previous dynasties.
1. The first champion in the history of China was Sun, the champion of five-year non-afternoon classes in Tang Wude.
2. Among the top scholars in past dynasties, the most revered national hero in later generations is Wen Tianxiang, the top scholar of Chen Bingke in the 4th year of Bao You in Southern Song Dynasty (1256). With his lofty patriotism and national integrity, he is known as the "top scholar among the top scholars".
3. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, Weng Tonghe, the top scholar in Chen Bing in the sixth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1856), played an important role in China politics. He was an imperial envoy twice in his life, and he was the leader of the imperial envoys in the dispute between the emperor and the latter two factions in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, he actively supported Kang Youwei's idea of political reform and recommended it to Emperor Guangxu, which eventually contributed to the "Reform Movement of 1898" and greatly changed the political situation at that time.
4. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the only one who became an emperor from the top scholar was Li Zunxu, the top scholar of Guihai Branch in the tenth year of Xixia Tianqing (1203). He is the son of Li Yanzong, the imperial clan king of Xia Dynasty. In the tenth year of Tianqing (1203), he participated in the Xixia Imperial Examination and won the first place in Shi Ting, becoming the champion. Attack the king of Qi and promote the prefect. Later, in the second year after the establishment of Emperor Xixia (12 1 1), a palace coup was launched, and Xia Xiangzong was abolished and became emperor for Xia Zongshen.
6. It is well documented that the first scholar who won the "three yuan" in the imperial examination was Cui, the champion of new postal science in the second year of Tang Jianzhong (78 1). He has been admitted to Beijing Zhaofu Jietou (Xie Yuan), Scholar-like Head (No.1 scholar), erudite macro-words, and systems.
7. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the only one who rose from the top scholar Wu to the prime minister was Guo Ziyi, the top scholar Wu Ju in the early years of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty. He experienced four dynasties: Xuanzong, Suzong, Daizong and Dezong, and served as prime minister twice. At the same time, he is also the most outstanding martial arts master of all ages.
8. In the imperial examinations of past dynasties, the Northern Song Dynasty had the largest number of "Sanyuan" candidates, including Sun He, Wang Zeng, (Xiang, the suburb of Song Dynasty), Emperor Wen of Sui (the same as "home"), Feng Jing and Wang.
9. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the number of officials to prime ministers in the Ming Dynasty (including equivalent prime minister positions, such as cabinet records and university students) was the largest, including Hu Guang and Shang Lu, with a total of 17.
10. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the highest achievement in poetry and painting was Wang Wei, the top scholar of New Weike in the 19th year of Tang Kaiyuan (73 1). He is one of the outstanding representatives of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and his poetic art is considered to be "from Li (Bai) to Du (Fu), which should be the first". His paintings are highly regarded as the "ancestor of southern paintings", and ancient literati paintings began with him.
1 1. Among the top scholars in previous dynasties, Zhang Xiaoxiang, the top scholar in JOE in the 24th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 154), achieved the highest achievement in ci creation. His ci follows Su Shi, full of spirit and strong patriotic color. He and Zhang are also called the pioneers of the great patriotic poet Xin Qiji.
12. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, Liu Gongquan, the top scholar of Wuzike in Tang and Yuan Dynasties (808), achieved the highest calligraphy achievement. He is good at regular script and cursive script, and is also called "Yan Liu" with Yan Zhenqing, another great calligrapher in Tang Dynasty. Historically, he and Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Zhao Mengfu in the Tang Dynasty were also called "four masters of regular script".
13. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, wang pu, the top scholar in the second year of Ganyou in the Five Dynasties (949), achieved the highest historical achievement. On the basis of Su Mian's founding conference in Tang Dynasty, he compiled hundreds of volumes of Tang Yaohui according to the conference compiled by Su Mian in Tang Dynasty and Yang Shaofu's sequel. Later, according to the History of the Five Dynasties, it was written into thirty volumes of the Five Dynasties Meeting. Not only the historical materials are rich and accurate, but also the style and method of text classification and compilation are formally established, which is imitated by future generations. This contribution is called "great achievement" by the summary of Siku.
14. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, Yang Shen, the top scholar of Xinxu Branch in the sixth year of Ming Dynasty (151kloc-0/year), has the most abundant works. He is not only engaged in poetry creation, but also writes, writes songs and composes music, and attaches importance to folk literature. He is an accomplished writer and a famous scholar. He wrote more than 400 kinds of works in his life, although many of them were scattered, but he still preserved more than 100 kinds, and there are about 2,300 existing poems, which are rich in works and rank first in future generations.
15. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the highest botanical achievement was Ding Chou's top scholar Wu (jùn, the same as' Jun') in the twentieth year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 17). He served as the governor of many provinces all his life and attached great importance to the relationship between adequate food and clothing and people's livelihood. According to what he saw, heard and illustrated, he compiled the documents about plants in ancient books, which became 22 volumes of Textual Research on Plant Names and 38 volumes of Textual Research on Plant Names, which was an important botanical monograph in China in the19th century.
16. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the most famous thinker was Chen Liang, the top scholar in the fourth year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 193). He advocated paying attention to career utility and supplementing the national economy and people's livelihood. He put forward the proposition that "those who benefit the universe don't care about things, and those who use them for daily use don't care about things", and had many debates with Zhu He on the relationship between justice and benefit. His theory is unique and he is the founder of Yongkang School. At the same time, he is a famous writer.
17. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, Zhang, the top scholar in Yuan and Nine Years of Tang Dynasty (8 14), loved tea best, which made a contribution to the study of tea ceremony in China. He wrote a volume "Jian Cha Shui Ji" and commented on the advantages and disadvantages of various spring teas. This is another important research work on tea ceremony in China after Lu Yu's Tea Classic.
18. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the only diplomatic envoy who has been to eastern European countries is Hong Jun, the top scholar of Chen Wuke in the seventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1868). In the 13th year of Guangxu (1887), he was sent to Russia, Germany, Holland and Austria for three years. He wrote the Supplement to the Translated Works of Yuan History by using western language materials, which initiated a new era of studying Yuan history by using western language works and materials.
19. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the only one who was recruited by the emperor as Ma Xu was Zheng Hao, the top scholar of Xuke in the second year of Tang Huichang (842). He was the first scholar, and seven years later, that is, three years of middle school (849), he was recommended by Prime Minister Bai Minzhong as a candidate for Ma Xu to Tang Xuanzong, the daughter of Tang Xuanzong.
20. Among the top scholars in past dynasties, the only one who was ordered by the emperor to be executed immediately after the thirty years of Ming Hongwu (1397) was Chen An, the top scholar in Ding Chou's South List (or Spring List). Because all the people who entered the palace were southern scholars, they were dissatisfied with the northern scholars. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, was furious and suspected that it was a private recording. He ordered the examiners and Chen An to be executed.
2 1. The only female champion in the history of China was Fu Shanxiang, the female champion in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom for three years (the third year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty, 1853).
22. In the history of China, the first person who took the imperial examination in minority languages won the first place. In the 13th year of Jin Shizong Dading (1 173), the first jurchen scholar in Guisi (also known as a counselor) was a jurchen. He took the imperial examination in Jurchen.
23. The last scholar in the history of China was Liu Chunlin, Chen Jia, a scholar in the 30th year of Guangxu (1904). He won the imperial examination, and the following year, in the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Empress Dowager Cixi issued a letter to stop the imperial examination, so he became the last scholar in the history of China.
24. The largest number of top scholars in the past dynasties was the Tang Dynasty. In 285 years, from the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu Wude (622) to the fourth year of Aiditian (907), the imperial examination was held almost once a year, and about 270 champions were produced. The number of people who can take the exam in ancient books such as Entrance Examination for Universities and Talking about Hui Nationality is 140.
25. In the history of China, in the second year of Wen Jian in Ming Dynasty, the same region swept the top three in an imperial examination. Hu Guang, Wang Gen and Li Guan from Ji 'an, Jiangxi took the top three places, the second place and the flower exploration. In the second year of Yongle, an even more jaw-dropping miracle of the imperial examination was born: a talented person from Ji 'an, Jiangxi, swept the top seven in the imperial examination!
26. In the history of China, Jiangsu Province produced the largest number of top scholars in the Qing Dynasty. From the 4th year of Shunzhi (1647) to the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), there were 49 champions in 247.
Note: There should be 43 authentic Jiangsu champions in Qing Dynasty. There are 49 people because Dai Youqi (No.1 scholar in the 30th year of Kangxi), Wang Jingming (No.1 scholar in the 52nd year of Kangxi), Qin Dacheng (No.1 scholar in the 28th year of Qianlong) and Xu Hao (No.1 scholar in the first year of Tongzhi) should belong to Shanghai in a strict sense, when Shanghai belonged to Jiangsu. Wu Xinzhong (Jiaqing 13 champion) and Huang Siyong (Guangxu six-year champion) were originally from Xiuning, Anhui, and their household registration was in Jiangsu. Even if these four people are excluded, 43 people in Jiangsu are still far ahead of the second Zhejiang 19 people (excluding those sent, it should be 18 people).
27. In the history of China, Suzhou House, which produced the largest number of champions, was in the Qing Dynasty, with 24 champions.
28. In the history of China, Yongfu County (now Yongtai, Fujian) in the Southern Song Dynasty produced the largest number of top scholars in a short period of time. From the second year of Avenue (1 166) to the eighth year of Avenue (1 172), there have been three champions.
29. The dynasty that produced the largest number of brothers' champions in history was the Tang Dynasty, with (brothers), Zhang (brothers) and so on 19 brothers' champions.
30. The dynasty with the largest number of father-son champions in history was the Northern Song Dynasty, with six father-son champions, including Zhang Quhua (father) and Zhang Deye (son).
3 1. Among the top brothers in the past dynasties, the closest ones are Kong Kunxun (brother), the top scholar of your branch in the 14th year of Tang Xiantong (873), and Kong Mi (brother), the top scholar of Shen Bing branch in the 3rd year of Tang Ganfu (876). The time between the two brothers winning the first prize is only three years.
32. Among the top scholars of fathers and sons in the past dynasties, An Deyu (father), the top scholar in the second year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (969), and An Shouliang (son), the top scholar in Renshenke in the fifth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (972). The time between the father and son champions is only three years.
32. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, Zhang Jian, the top scholar in Wu Jia, began to engage in industrial activities in the 20th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1894) and made great achievements. He was engaged in industrial activities in and the following year (1895), and successively set up dozens of enterprises and a large number of social undertakings, which influenced the whole country and was known as "a great educator and industrialist in China".
33. Among the top martial arts scholars in the past dynasties, the only one who took the exam twice, first explored flowers and then took the exam, was Ma Quan, the top martial arts scholar in Chen Geng in the 25th year of Qing Qianlong (1760). Ma Quanchu was named Ma Quan Wang. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1752), he took part in a martial arts Jinshi examination and won three places in palace examination. Later, due to conflicts with colleagues during his tenure, he was removed from office. In order to wash away his shame, he changed his name to Quan, determined to win fame again, and finally won it in palace examination, a martial arts scholar for twenty-five years (1760).
34. Among the top scholars in past dynasties, Su Gui, who ascended the throne in the seventh year of Yonghui (656), and Guo, who ascended the throne in the fourth year of Xianheng (673), were all 18 years old.
35. Yin Shu, the oldest scholar in the Tang Dynasty, didn't become the top scholar until he was over 70 years old. During the Jiaqing period, Wang Yan, a native of Hangzhou, took the pilot exam at the age of 80, but died before entering the palace exam, otherwise he might break the record of Yin Shu.
36. The only time in history that both top scholars came from the same place in the same year happened in the ninth year of Xining in the Northern Song Dynasty (1076). Xu Duo and Yi Xue of Xinghua Army in Fujian Road (now Putian City) are both top scholars in China. When Song Shenzong learned that all the top scholars in the world were fellow villagers, he couldn't help writing a poem, saying, "One top scholar is the best in the world, and all the heroes in the world."
37. Among the top scholars in the past dynasties, the highest position today is Chen (a native of Putian, Fujian), the top scholar in Chen Wu in the fourth year of Xianchun (1268), and the sixth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1409). The court appointed Chen as "Minister of Water Affairs"; In the forty-six years of Qing Qianlong (1782), the emperor made Chen the king of Zhenhai and the temple god of Fuzhou.
38. Xu Yin, the first and only scholar who was demoted for his poetry and fu, was born in Putian, the first year of Liang Kaiping (AD 907). Because Liang Taizu pointed out that the sentence "One emperor and five emperors return after death" in his Geometrical Life Fu needed to be rewritten, Xu Yin replied that "I would rather have no official, but the Fu cannot be changed", and Liang Taizu angrily cut his name.
39. The only imperial examination in the past dynasties with four differences in the same subject was in the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), and Huang Gongdu, a native of Putian (1109-1156), was the first scholar in palace examination. Chen Junqing (1113-1186) ranked second in Yakui (second place); Linden is seventy-three years old and is a list honour; Gong (1121-kloc-0/178) is eighteen years old, and is the youngest on the list. It is said that the "four differences" family. Also, Huang Gongdu and Chen Junqing, also known as "Queyazhan double standard".