Historical Records is the first biographical general history in the history of China. It was written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty, and began to be called Taishi Gongshu, or Taishi GongGong Ji and Taishi Gongji. Sima Qian, a long character, and his father Sima Tan were appointed as Taishiling. His wish to write a general history of ancient and modern times was not realized, and Sima Qian was asked to fulfill his long-cherished wish before he died. Later, Sima Qian's stepfather Taishiling began to write historical records, which was finally completed after more than ten years. This book spans more than 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the end of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Book 130, including biographies 12, forms 10, 8 books, 30 families, 70 biographies, 526,500 words. Ji Ji is the outline of the book, which records the words and deeds of the emperor every year. Table lists lineages, people and historical events in tables. The Book describes the development of the system, involving the system of rites and music, astronomical military law, social economy, river geography and other aspects. The "aristocratic family" describes the historical relics of the vassal's seal of the country. Biographies are biographies of important people. Among them, biography and biography are the main body. According to Sima Qian, the purpose of editing is to "study the relationship between heaven and man, understand the changes of ancient and modern times, and become a family statement." "Studying the relationship between man and nature" is to explore the relationship between Tao and personnel in autumn. The author criticizes the original theory of "destiny" and puts forward the theory of "emperor-centered". "Connecting the preceding with the following" is to explore the development of history and its laws. Historical records refer to many classics, such as Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, Shi Ben, Warring States Policy, Chu and Han Chunqiu, a hundred schools of thought contend, as well as archives and folk ancient books. He also interviewed in person, made field trips, and then carefully selected and used materials, with a very strict academic attitude. Historical works before the Han Dynasty can't be compared with Historical Records in terms of content, historical events, materials and compilation level of authors. It can be said that "Historical Records" is the first general history of ancient China, which is not only large in scale and complete in system, but also has a far-reaching influence on biographical history books, and the official history of all dynasties is basically written in this genre. At the same time, the vividness of words and narration in the book is also the highest achievement, and Mr. Lu Xun's evaluation of Historical Records is also very high. After Sima Qian's death, Historical Records did not immediately become popular and received attention. By the time of Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian's grandson had begun to spread through hard work, but by the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was not complete. In terms of annotation, The Collection of Historical Records written by Pei in the Song Dynasty is the earliest existing old annotation. There are many new ideas in the study of Historical Records written by Sima Zhen in Tang Dynasty. In Tang Dynasty, Zhang Shoujie wrote Justice in Historical Records all his life and made great achievements. One of the existing early editions of this book, Huang Jiashu Engraving in Southern Song Dynasty, is recognized as a rare book, which has been copied by the Commercial Press into Twenty-four History, Twenty-one History of Ming Dynasty and Twenty-four History of Engraving in Qing Wuying Temple, all of which have high reference value. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, there was an engraving by Jinling Bookstore. Punctuation collation published by Zhonghua Book Company from 65438 to 0959 is beneficial to today's readers. ....................................................................................................................................................... According to Sima Qian's records, ........................... has 2 biographies 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies and 30 biographies10. "Biography" is actually the biography of the emperor, because the emperor is the supreme leader in charge of state affairs, so it is called "Biography", which shows the status of this system in the world and makes the officials and people act under certain discipline. It is also the general outline of this book, recorded in chronological order. In the writing of Historical Records, Sima Qian adopted the method of making the present a little more detailed, and the farther the times go, the more detailed it is. The origin of "Benji" is because the Yellow Emperor is the ancestor of the Chinese nation and the founder of "rectifying everything". Xiang Yu was included in the "chronology" because of the emergence of politics in Qin and Han Dynasties and respect for his personality. "Book" is a special chapter that records chapters and sentences of past dynasties and national codes to clarify the evolution of ancient and modern systems. It is impossible to write a book unless historians are familiar with anecdotes. Ban Gu's Hanshu was renamed Records and became a general rule. The revision of "Book" provides rich materials for the study of various special history. Home is the record of the vassal kingdom. This is because the princes founded the country, inherited the family and the descendants inherited it, which gave them a biography called the family. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states successively dominated the whole country, and it is very appropriate to describe this situation with the genre of "aristocratic families". Sima Qian's inclusion of Confucius and Chen She as "home" is an exception. Although Confucius is not a prince, he is the patriarch of three generations of culture, not to mention the dominance of Confucianism in Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, and his inclusion in "home" also reflects the reality in the ideological field. As for Chen She, he was not only the first leader who rose up against Qin, but also the first person who opposed the brutal rule of the civilian in three generations. He established many princes who died in Qin. Sima Qian listed him as a "noble family" and compared his achievements with the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Tang, Wu and Confucius, writing him as a great historical hero who shocked the rule of the Qin Dynasty and dominated the world, which reflected the author's progressive view of history. Biography is a record of various historical figures other than emperors and princes. There are single pass, joint pass and category pass. A single biography is a biography written by one person, such as Biography of Shang Jun and Biography of Lisi. The joint biography was written by more than two people, such as Biography of Yan Guan and Biography of Zhuang Zi and Shen Han. Type biography refers to the activities of the same kind of characters in a biography, such as The Scholars, Biography of Officials, Biography of Assassins, etc. Sima Qian recorded the history of ethnic minorities around China at that time in the form of biographies, such as biographies of Xiongnu, Koryo and Dawan, which provided an important historical source for studying the history of ancient ethnic minorities in China. Ban Gu mentioned in the Biography of Sima Qian in Hanshu that there are ten missing pieces in Historical Records. Wei pointed out that these ten articles are Biography of Emperor Jing, Biography of Emperor Wu, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Law and Discipline, Chronicle of Generals Since the Han Dynasty, Biography of Japanese People, Family of Three Kings, Biography of Tortoise and Biography of Fu Jin. Among them, four articles, The Ji of Emperor Wu, The Family of Three Kings, Biography of Turtle Policy and Biography of Japanese People, were all supplemented by Dr. Chu in the Han Dynasty. The Records of Literature and Art of Han Dynasty contains seven supplements to Taishi Gong, and notes that the merchants "received ten Yu Ben books from Taishi Gong". Liu Zhiji thought that there were not only Chu and Feng who supplemented Historical Records, but as many as fifteen schools. Historical Records was published at the beginning of the year, followed by Liu Xiang, Xiangzi, and various good people, such as Feng Shang, Wei Heng, Yang Xiong, Shi Cen, Shen Liang, Si Ren, Jin Feng, Duan Suze, Yan Feng, Wei Rong, Xiao Fen and Liu Yao. , written in succession, sequel, with mourning as the end. Most descendants disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but the incompleteness of Historical Records is beyond doubt. With a few exceptions, the official history of the past dynasties after Historical Records was presided over by the imperial court and compiled according to the will of the monarch, which is a veritable official history. Although Sima Qian was a court historian, Historical Records did not reflect the will of the supreme ruler, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is said that after reading Historical Records, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very angry with several of them and ordered them to be deleted. This is also possible. Sima Qian wrote historical records directly and dared to criticize the court in some aspects, which was not allowed by feudal rulers. The imperial court hated and attached importance to historical records, and was secretive about others. The scope of reading is limited to a very small number of people in the upper echelons of the imperial court. The imperial court once abridged and supplemented historical records. According to Yang Zhongchuan, Yang Zhong was ordered to delete more than 100,000 words from Taishi Gongshu. The Historical Records, with a short span of more than 100,000 words, was lost after the Han Dynasty and has been passed down to this day.
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