Chen Zhenmin
Historical records. "The History of Filial Piety" once recorded that "the Yellow Emperor picked bronze from the first mountain and cast a tripod on Jingshan Mountain".
The mountain named Jingshan is found in Hubei, Anhui, Henan and Shaanxi, and the Jingshan mentioned in historical records, after my textual research, should be an isolated mountain in Wanrong, Shanxi.
However, it was not me who first put forward this view, but the late Mr. Wang Zongxu, an old man from Wanrongjing Village. In view of the historical record that Huangdi went to the land island mound at the intersection of Gufenyin and Wanrong River Fen (see Pingyang Fuzhi, Volume 10, Zhou Pu Fuzhi, Volume 23), and Hou Di's personality archetypal scholars have identified it as Nu Wa; In view of the fact that the tripod was a metal utensil for ancient cooking and sacrifice, he said in the article "Fenkui and Baoding" that the Huangdi used a tripod when he went to the altar to sacrifice his native Nuwa, and the tripod was made of copper. The nearby Zhongtiaoshan, known as Shoushan in ancient times, is famous for producing copper, and Gushan is located in the middle of the altar and Zhongtiaoshan copper mine, so the Yellow Emperor collected copper from Zhongtiaoshan, cast a tripod on the Gushan and brought it to the temple. He also counted nine mountains in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan in the Yellow River basin according to the words "Dao (Dao) Jiu San: As far as Jingshan is concerned, it is said that Gushan is the last mountain, so Gushan is Jingshan" as far as Jingshan is concerned ". Since the isolated mountain is a jingshan mountain, the jingshan mountain where the Yellow Emperor cast the tripod is also an isolated mountain.
But when he said this, there was a big problem-the big pattern of water conservancy in Yu Xia was shelved, and the so-called "Road 93", that is, nine mountain roads were opened all over the country, but it was not seen.
The original text of Historical Records in this respect is:
"Tao Jiusan: As for Jingshan, it is more than a river; Hukou, Lei Shou as for Taiyue; Pillars, analyzing the city as for the king's house; Taihang and Changshan as for Jieshi, they entered the sea; Xi yi, Zhu, bird and mouse as for Taihua; Bear ears, foreign parties and Tongbai as negative tails; Fish Road Tomb, as for Jingshan; As for the difference inside; Wenshan sun goes to Hengshan and crosses Jiujiang. As for Shoko Asahara's application. "
Obviously, the word "Dao Jiu San" means enlightening the Jiushan Road system in China. Wang Lao only counted nine mountains along the Yellow River and changed the names of individual mountains, which was very different. Therefore, his research was denied by some scholars, and he advocated that the place where the Yellow Emperor cast the tripod should be in Lingbao, Henan, because there are also Jingshan and Dingding.
I think that Mr. Wang Zongxu's understanding and demonstration method of "Tao Jiu San" was originally seriously wrong, but his ultimate observation that Jingshan is an isolated mountain in Xia Benji's Historical Records should still be recognized. Because it occurred to me that if we focus on the word "beyond the river" in this data, we can also draw the conclusion that "Jingshan is an isolated mountain". The reasons are as follows-
Shu and Qishan are both in Shaanxi, and there are Jingshan in the territory, but the word "outside the river" denies that Jingshan is the Jingshan in Shaanxi. The reason is that, from the meaning of the whole sentence, the word "beyond the river" is a descriptive text for Jingshan Mountain, that is, the text in brackets. Now I might as well rephrase this sentence as follows:
"As for Jingshan (beyond the river)."
From this point of view, it obviously means "as for Jingshan", which refers to Jingshan across the river. On the other hand, from the map, Shu and Qi are located in the middle of Shaanxi, meandering eastward to the river, namely the Yellow River (1), corresponding to Linyi and Wanrong areas of Yuncheng, Shanxi. Crossing the Yellow River from here, you can just see the only Wanrong Gushan facing you. So Jingshan is an isolated mountain.
If it must be said that this Jingshan Mountain is the Jingshan Mountain in Shaanxi, then the Jingshan Mountain in Shaanxi is the final destination of the waterway extension between the two mountains. Why is there the word "beyond the river" behind it? And after "beyond the river", there are no other places to sit. Isn't this road endless? This is obviously not in line with Dayu's water control plan contained in Historical Records Xia Benji.
If we think that "crossing the river" refers to Dayu's own actions, but there is no action that Dayu ran after crossing the river in the original text, wouldn't it stop again? How to open the follow-up water control route?
? In addition, another route of Dayu's water control in Xia Benji is similar to the above-mentioned "As for Jingshan (beyond the river)", which is called "Taihang and Changshan as for Jieshi (into the sea)". This "going into the sea" means that this waterway must "go into the sea" if it wants to "see Jieshi", because Jieshi is located along the coast of Bohai Sea (see Notes on Water Mirror and Selected Readings of China Ancient Geographical Masterpieces). So the word "into the sea" is also used in brackets to explain "as for Jieshi". If we regard it as Dayu's own action, then why did he "go into the sea" when he had already finished the route to Jieshi? There's no need!
According to this analysis, the reason is the same, so the word "crossing the river" must be the text that explains the waterway in brackets. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters. Now we should deeply understand the meaning of the ancients and restore its original connotation.
? Such a pragmatic analysis, the so-called Jingshan crossing the river in the previous article must refer to the lonely mountain.
Then, Gushan is located in Wanrong of the Loess Plateau. Is it possible for it to urinate? It's quite possible. Because of crustal movement, ancient and modern landforms have changed to a certain extent, which is common sense, so the flood and famine era is very different from the present landforms. Dayu's water control has shown that there was water everywhere at that time, and the filter layer could still be seen on the horizontal plane of the ravine and cliff halfway up the lonely mountain. The large stone layer, gravel layer, coarse sand layer and fine sand layer have clearly settled down from bottom to top, which has caused tourists to sigh. This place has been flooded! ? People who have read the famous Classic of Mountains and Seas should not be surprised by this situation.
It should also be mentioned here that one of the nine mountain roads listed in front of Daojiu San is "Daogui Tomb, as for Jingshan Mountain", which is a mountain in southern Shaanxi, and there is no explanation behind the "Jingshan Mountain" it refers to, so it should be Jingshan Mountain in Shaanxi; It is because of its existence that the "Jingshan" of "Jingshan" and it have become two Jingshan. Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, specially added "beyond the river" after "Jingshan" in order not to mislead readers into thinking that the two Jingshan mountains are actually one mountain. This is precisely the subtlety of Sima Qian's conception. This subtlety is another powerful circumstantial evidence to illustrate my understanding.
There is another reason that this Jingshan must refer to an isolated mountain: there is a saying in Shan Hai Jing and Zhong Shan Jing that "the head of Jingshan is Jingshan", and the isolated mountain is related to Jingshan. An ancient monument was unearthed in Fayun Temple at the top of Gushan Mountain during the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. There is an inscription saying: "Lonely mountain, cloud mountain is also in the mountain and sea classics." According to Shan Hai Jing, "Jingshan is called Jingshan" originally refers to Baokang, Hunan Province, but the isolated mountain in Wanrong, Shanxi Province is called Jingshan, and there are Jingcun and Jinghuai villages at the root of the mountain, which are similar to Baokang, Hunan Province, indicating that there is a certain connection between the two. In particular, an important viewpoint was put forward in the academic research on Qianjiaping, the head of Jingshan Mountain, Baokang Jingshan Mountain and Guanshan Mountain. "Jingshan is governed by four directions" further illustrates the source-flow relationship between Jingshan in Baokang and Jingshan all over the country. Of course, this does not refer to the extension of the Baokangjing mountain system, but to the spread of its name. Traditionally, the root cause of the spread of this name should be the result of immigrants who ran from their native land to various places, and renamed the names of the immigrants' mountains by replacing peaches with peaches. According to the relevant research data, the Qin and Han Dynasties were a period of high flood incidence, with 1 19 times. In the summer of the third year after the Han Dynasty (before 158), the river flooded and there were more than 4,000 refugees. There were more than 0/0.2 million immigrants in the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once moved 65438+ ten thousand refugees to the north. Baokang is very low-lying There are 248 rivers in the county. The tributaries of the Yangtze River, He Ju River, Nan River and Heman River, pass through its territory. As long as there is water, there will be floods. At this time, a large number of refugees either fled spontaneously or were organized by the government and went to Gaobei. The farthest is 2000-3000 kilometers, until the Hetao area of the Yellow River. In this case, Shanxi Wanrong, the Loess Plateau, naturally became its residence; Lonely mountain is particularly high, so it is the first choice. After settling down, out of nostalgia for their homeland, they crowned the scenery and jingshan of their hometown on the lonely mountain. This is the first peak of the mountain, Jingshan, and the whole mountain is Jingshan. Shangenjing Village and Jinghuai Village, two villages with Jing characters, are the remains of ancient Jingchu immigrant settlements. There are some villages around Gushan, such as Yanjing, Xijing, Tokyo, Nanjing, etc., all of which have landscape figures, which should also be related to Baokang immigrants.
? At this point, it is a natural conclusion that Jingshan in the sentence "The Yellow Emperor took the bronze tripod from Shoushan and cast it under Jingshan" in the Historical Records of Xiaowu refers to Wanrong Gushan, where the Yellow Emperor cast a sacrifice to Nu Wa Ding.
So, are there any relics of the Yellow Emperor in Gushan? Yes, it is the "Kunlun Terrace" next to Bailin Temple in the lower part of the east slope of Gushan Mountain. Social science forum, an excellent journal of social sciences, hosted by Chen Pingyuan, a famous professor in Peking University, published the article A General History of Kunlun Station-Deciphering the Secret of China Core: The Mystery of Kunlun by Zhang Yuanshan, a Shanghai scholar, in February 20 17. According to this research, "Kunlun Station" is actually a platform for Fuxi and Nu Wa to measure the sun shadow and observe the celestial phenomena, and the Yellow Emperor also imitated it. The upper floor is a "circular three-story building", "There is a building on the upper floor ... to worship the temple god"; The lower floor is a "square three-story building" and "the earth behind the house is in the lower room". The county annals of "Kunluntai" in Gushan Mountain are recorded and recited by ancient scholars (see Wanquan County Annals. Volume 6 and 8 of the Republic of China Edition), its site is located in the south of the Berlin Hall in Gushan, which should be the place where the Yellow Emperor cast the tripod; The so-called "the earth behind the temple is next door" should be a trial sacrifice here after the successful casting of the tripod, and then a formal sacrifice on the altar (3). After that, the "ancestral land" of Kunlun Terrace, like ancestral temples everywhere, became a place for villagers to sacrifice.
? As for some scholars who say that there are also relics and stories of the Yellow Emperor casting a tripod in Jingshan, Lingbao, Henan Province, I think it should be the result of people's multiple beliefs about the deeds of ancient sages and their local good people taking the lead. Just like temples in Houtu and Guan Gong are common everywhere. Moreover, ding was used for sacrifice in ancient times. The Yellow Emperor collected copper from Shoushan (Zhongtiao Mountain), cast a tripod on the isolated mountain, and finally brought it to the mound to worship the afterlife. As far as ground observation and use are concerned, this is the most logical and convincing. However, the so-called casting tripod in Lingbao Jingshan is to decoct medicine and treat diseases for the people; Besides, according to its legend, Ding ascended to heaven when he was cast into the Yellow Emperor, and did not treat the people well. Although there is Shoushan near Lingbao, which is known as the place where the Yellow Emperor mined copper, there are no famous eight copper townships in the history of Shoushan, but Zhongtiaoshan copper mine, also known as Shoushan, stands out among the eight copper townships (4). All these show that the Yellow Emperor's theory of collecting copper in the middle strip, casting a tripod on a lonely mountain and offering an altar to his stepmother and Nuwa is obviously superior to Lingbao's casting a tripod in motivation. Of course, considering that such diverse beliefs are conducive to cultivating people's moral concepts, we do not deny the social value of Lingbao Zhuding. Because in reality, the groups who consume the legend of the Yellow Emperor casting tripod are different, if the two places can strengthen their own legends, make them have distinct development differences and maximize their respective values, they can meet the needs of different consumers.
In this respect, it is thought-provoking: if we can follow the example of Lingbao's predecessors in this ancestor worship facility and build a memorial building with its own characteristics around Kunlun Terrace in Gushan, it will undoubtedly have far-reaching practical significance for promoting the culture of worshipping ancestors and enhancing the market appeal of Houtu tourism.
note:
(1) The so-called river in ancient books refers to the Yellow River as long as there is no other subject or attribute in front of it. Interpretation of Ci Yuan and Ci Hai.
(2) See Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Technology (20 10) and Baidu. com。
(3) According to the textual research of Zhang Yuanshan's article, Kunlun Terrace also exists in some other places, which should be a manifestation of the generalization of the belief in Houtu and Huangdi in society. The author also studied this common phenomenon. Because the Kunlun Terrace in Gushan is the closest to the Houtu Nuwa's residence and Houtu Temple in Fenyin, and the Huangdi's sacrifice to Houtu in Fenyin was the earliest, the Kunlun Terrace in Gushan should be the original Kunlun Terrace.
(4) Baidu. Com said that the eight famous copper producing areas in China are-
Yunnan Copper (Group) Co., Ltd.
Jiangxi copper industry group company
Tongling Nonferrous Metals (Group) Company
Jinchuan group co., ltd
Daye nonferrous metal company
Zhongtiaoshan Nonferrous Metals (Group) Company
Baiyin nonferrous metal company
Yantai penghui copper company
? 20 18.8.8—— 1 1. 15
? Born in 1937, the author is a retired cadre of Wanrong National People's Congress, a researcher of China National Studies Association, a vice president of Houtu Culture Research Association, and the former editor-in-chief of Houtu Culture magazine.
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