Including border areas. For example, it includes Bohai countries such as Heilongjiang and Jilin borders, and Bohai countries in the seventh to ninth centuries. There are also countries like Nanzhao and Dali in Yunnan, as well as parts of Xinjiang, which were also called countries at that time. In fact, the concept of "country" is different. Maybe now we understand "country" as a very serious thing. Our country is like this one on the map now. This is a rooster. In fact, at the earliest time, compared with the central area, there were various nationalities, according to historical records. At that time, the "country" was actually smaller than the county now, almost equivalent to a township. At that time, it was actually not the country we understand now. There are 265,438+07 capitals that we have historically understood as entering China during this period. It includes not only these capitals within the traditional unified empire, but also the capitals of some surrounding local governments.
According to the length of the capital, it is generally believed that the capital has been built for the longest time. Of China's 2 17 metropolises, Xi 'an is the longest, which is now Xi 'an. We always talk about the ancient capital Xi 'an, a street in Beijing, and Chang 'an Avenue, the most important street. In fact, it was named after the ancient name Xi 'an, which was established more than 1000 years ago.
Secondly, Beijing, whose capital is near Xi 'an, has been established for more than 900 years, which is the second longest. The third is Luoyang, whose capital has been established for more than 800 years. The time in other capitals below is relatively short, from the third place to the fourth place, which is twice as short. The rest are three or four hundred years or one or two hundred years, and some are several years. It should be said that the most important capital of China is An, with the longest capital of more than 1,000 years, Beijing of more than 900 years and Luoyang of more than 800 years.
According to the length of the capital, from the beginning of the 20th century, China put forward a name called "Five Ancient Capitals". As for the "five ancient capitals", we know that they are Xi, Beijing, Luoyang, Nanjing and Kaifeng. It is the traditional "five ancient capitals". The "five ancient capitals" have been circulating for a long time. They became popular in academic circles in the 1920s and 1930s and began to be publicized among the masses. In the fifties and sixties, there began to be the saying of "six ancient capitals". Who added the "six ancient capitals"? Added a "Hangzhou". Hangzhou is now Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the 1980s, there was another one called Anyang, Anyang, Henan. It is the Yin Ruins in Anyang. We have been saying that Yin Ruins were the capital 100 years. Of course, there were three sets called Tongquetai near Cao Cao later. The capital of Cao Cao actually belongs to Anyang, but it is not the capital of the unified empire. This also formed what we now call "the seven ancient capitals of China", written in a book that people often see in the market.
Among the "Seven Ancient Capitals", Xi, Luoyang and Beijing occupied the largest number of unified dynasty capitals. You can check the historical chronology of China when you are free. Do you calculate the age of the unified dynasty? What is the age of the capital? As the capital, it is a dynasty. What era was that? For example, from the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty to its demise, that is, the existence period of the capital, then you can calculate its percentage. It should be said that three of the "seven ancient capitals" have a particularly important position in the history of China, which is why our historians and archaeologists pay special attention to Xi 'an, Luoyang, Beijing and, of course, Anyang, which we studied early. I should say a lot of work.
The ancient capital of China should be said that every country has its capital. In this case, the first capital of China was the capital of the first dynasty. The first dynasty was the Xia Dynasty. According to the chronology published by the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project, the Xia Dynasty began in 2070 BC, and now it should be said to be 4702. But in fact, "2070" is not exact. This is a rough figure, which means that it is about 4 100 years from now. Its capital is now the capital of the Xia Dynasty. First of all, let's say one more thing. The capital was established here for several years, but it may be moved to other places because of the domestic political and military situation until its rule is relatively stable. It was not until the middle of Xia Dynasty, that is, in the 9th century BC/KLOC-0, that a village near yanshi city, west of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, was named Erlitou, and its capital was established here. Erlitou site is the capital city. First, archaeological excavations found palaces here, ancient palaces. According to the excavated buildings in the palace and the tombs near the palace, archaeologists have determined that the age of tombs and palace buildings in this area is about 17 BC to 18 BC. That is, after the mid-Xia Dynasty, the capital began to be established. This is the earliest capital of China as we know it now. There may be an opportunity. When you visit this village, there is an inscription called "the best capital in the world". Now it should be said that no one can replace it. Of course, with the development of our archaeological work, we may find the capital earlier than it.
You can see this picture, which is a restored model of a palace site excavated by archaeologists in this area in the 1970s and 1980s. At that time, the palace should look like this, with an area of about 10000 square meters, 108 meters by1000 meters, or about 10000 square meters. You can see that there are walls around, gates in the south and halls and palaces in the north. At this time, there are no tiles, and houses are still built with thatch, but everyone has seen the rectangular palace clearly, surrounded by cloisters. The ruins of this capital are much smaller than those of our descendants. According to the current preliminary investigation, it is about four square kilometers. What about its palace? Palace buildings are basically in the middle and central part of the capital as we now know it. It should be said that the capital of Xia Dynasty is a very important thing for China. Our ancient history has been recognized by international academic circles. It should be said that Erlitou site is a very important discovery, and our civilization history has been greatly promoted.
The second capital is the capital of Shang Dynasty. As for the capital city of Shang Dynasty, there were two opinions at the earliest. One is that there is a village called Tazhuang, which is the "pagoda" next to Erlitou in Yanshi, Henan. Some people say it's in Zhengzhou, now Zhengzhou city. Now we are engaged in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties dating project, and we always say how to determine it? For example, where is the watershed between Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty? You always have to end the dynasty. For example, you were founded in 2070. When did you die? For example, when was People's Republic of China (PRC) founded? 1949. It gives that number. For example, how does archaeology determine this? Because there is no literature record now, we all know our literature. The history at that time can be traced back to later documents. Of course, the retrospective oral history is also history, but these histories have more water. It needs scholars to do more work, but it needs to turn to archaeology. How does archaeology solve the change of a dynasty? We think about it and think that the most important thing is the change of the capital. In ancient times, the establishment of a new dynasty must first establish its own capital. It's the capital. Where is its capital? It's the same now. Before the founding of New China, we will hold a meeting in Xibaipo. First of all, we must determine where our capital is. Of course, our capital is still in Beijing. This will do. For example, in ancient times, it would not build its capital in its original place, which was often the case in ancient times. After the demise of the Xia Dynasty, few great kings were still in the capital of the Xia Dynasty. Because after its demise, there will often be political and military revenge, to destroy its buildings and dig its graves. Including digging the graves of their ancestors, which is actually political revenge. We used to have this thing. As we all know, once we did something, the stone tablet was knocked down. For example, when Qin Shihuang and Qin Dynasty perished, Xiang Yu went to Xianyang. He first set fire to Epang Palace and burned it for three months. According to the truth, he can't burn at all. What does it symbolize? It symbolizes that he overthrew the dynasty. After burning, the so-called first break before standing, and he has to stand after breaking. He wants to build the national capital, he has a ruling center, and he wants to build the capital. When the capital is established, it should be the time when that country is established. But this age is difficult to determine, just around that age. So we later found a Shang Dynasty city site in yanshi city near Erlitou. Moreover, this city site should be said to be a very well-preserved city site, which is not an ordinary city. Because there is a palace there, the large-scale building of the palace should be said to be very magnificent. This city is very famous. In this case, it is judged that this city is a capital of Shang Dynasty. The era of this metropolis, through measurement and archaeological research, is just connected with the era of Erlitou's demise in Xia Dynasty. But this city is no longer used and destroyed, and that city has just been established. This is the connection of the times. That is, this time is precisely the demise of the Xia Dynasty and the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, which is the first dynasty of the Shang Dynasty as we know it.
Later, the Shang Dynasty established a larger capital in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. Later, I went to Pan Geng. It was the King of Shang Dynasty who moved the capital to Anyang, Henan Province, where it was established for nearly a hundred years, until Shang Zhouwang was extravagant and finally ruined the country. This is the mall I just mentioned, Yanshi Mall. Outside is a big wall, a circle, and inside is a small wall. There is a small town in the middle. This city is called Miyagi. The period from Miyagi to Yanshi Mall is a very important one in the history of China's ancient capital. The influence on the later capital of China includes our present situation. Now we say that there is a Forbidden City in Beijing, an inner city outside the Forbidden City and a big city outside the city. A trap is a circle, anyway, the middle is the seat of the ruler, and the farther it goes, the less important it is. It should be surrounded by the government, the government surrounded the people, and the people surrounded the cemetery. This is a rule. Look at the Yin Ruins in Anyang, the last capital of Shang Dynasty, and the Yin Ruins in Anyang. Let's have a look. It was the site of the northern Shang Dynasty in the middle period. It is four square kilometers just discovered two years ago, with a circumference of about eight thousand meters. This is the largest city site ever discovered. Behind the ruins of this city, there is a river in its south. The place where the river turns is its palace. This is the 1930s, when the National Archaeological Research Institute excavated here, and nearly 50 palaces were excavated. At the same time, in the northwest of this palace, everyone saw a green thing with some brown things in it. This place is called Northwest Port, and this place is called Northwest Port. There are 13 large tombs excavated here, including nearly ten tombs, all of which are tombs of Shang kings. The activity center with rulers and the burial center after death should be the most complete capital. Up to now, it is the most complete capital of China's ancient pre-Qin capitals. Because there can't be only palaces in the capital, there is still a place to bury the king when he dies. Just like the Qing Dynasty, there can't be only the Forbidden City. Where is the mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty? Dongling and Xiling in the east, Zunhua and Yixian in the west. So did the emperors of the Ming Dynasty, who lived in Beijing and died in Changping. Of course, Changping is also under the control of Beijing. A complete capital should have both his palace before his death and his mausoleum after his death, and the Yin Ruins in Anyang is the most complete one we know at present.
After Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang destroyed Shang Zhouwang, and due to the luxury of Shang Zhouwang, the Western Zhou Kingdom was established. Everyone knows that the kingdom of the Western Zhou Dynasty came from the west, and the west refers to the ancient society, either now or in the northwest, and it came from Shaanxi. Maybe people all know that Jiang Ziya, a Jiang Ziya fisherman, takes the bait if he wants to. Jiang Ziya was a famous strategist who assisted them. At that time, it attacked eastward, and its base camp was in the west. Now it is in Shaanxi. Then, after gaining political power, he established the first dynasty in ancient China in Xi 'an, also known as the site of Fenggao. Maple scenery, luxurious scenery, and maple scenery are rich in "abundance", which are selected as gold characters and high ridges. This is actually the name of a water and a place. On the capital, this place has a book called Romance of Gods, which is about the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty and has a close relationship with this place. A large number of tombs were excavated in this capital, including noble tombs, a large number of precious cultural relics and the foundations of many buildings at that time. Because all the houses are gone, China is different from Greece, Rome and Egypt. Maybe you have traveled abroad, or you have been to those places abroad, or you have seen the introduction on TV, and you know that western countries are all stone buildings, and China is all civil buildings. Before the reform and opening up, rural areas were all civil buildings, but now they are all brick houses. One of the biggest shortcomings of civil architecture is that it is not easy to preserve in terms of preservation value. It collapsed after a long time, leaving only the foundation. For example, Epang Palace, a well-known palace, Du Mu wrote in Epang Palace Fu that Epang Palace is very grand and should be said to be the most magnificent building in the world. Its main hall is1500m long, three miles long and nearly 500m north and south. It's amazing. It can seat ten thousand people, and that is the Great Hall of Ten Thousand People. But it didn't survive, because it was a civil building, only the abutment was preserved. What is Tai Chi? Is to lay the foundation. Because of such a large building, the bearing capacity is very heavy and the foundation treatment is very good. In that case, the foundation will be deep. We know that rammed earth, rammed earth by the masses, is more than ten meters thick. In Fenghao site, a large number of architectural sites of the capital city of Zhou Dynasty are preserved. After the Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the capital of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. What era is this era? It was an era of chaos and active political thought. Therefore, precisely because of this, the governors of the capital at that time held the emperor as governors, and the governors all imitated the king to establish their own ruling centers. Including linzi of qi state; Including Jiangling of Chu, which is now Shashi; Including the ancient city of Zhenghan near Zhengzhou, which is Korea; There are also places like Xia Yan's capital, Yixian County, Hebei Province, near Beijing; Hebei also has kings like Zhao and Handan. They followed the example of the central government at that time and established their own capital with his capital. And the way he built it, it should be said, is worse.
For example, how high the emperor's house is, how high the minister's house is, and how high the people's house is. Let me give you an example, such as Beijing. Of course, this was not the case in ancient times, the earliest ancient times, the Ming and Qing Dynasties. You can use glazed tiles and yellow tiles. People's houses absolutely dare not. If they want to use that, they will be beheaded. The building itself is a class, just like taking a car now, which is also a truth. But this is not too strict. You can even take anything with money. But as long as they are civil servants, they have to abide by the rules. In the past, civil servants followed the rules, and so did ordinary people. What house are you building? What kind of temple to build? Follow the rules. But the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period should be said to be an era in which a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend. A hundred schools of thought contend, which has also caused various social forms in the planning and ownership of the whole building. I think because so much capital is involved, I won't talk about it here.
The era that ended the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was ended by Qin Shihuang. The city he built is Xianyang City in Qin Dynasty, which is extremely important according to historical records. Things are 270 miles, and palaces are everywhere. Of course, I think this is the writer's exaggeration, or a dissatisfaction with Qin Shihuang, which made him wrong. But anyway, the capital built by Qin Shihuang is really big. Its scale, it should be said, is the same as that of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. We all know that the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is the largest of the ancient imperial tombs in China. His capital, including his detached palace, should also be the largest. So far, archaeologists still don't know its scope. For example, what is it? The confusion is mainly due to our work; Another is that Qin Shihuang offended too many people and did too much damage. At that time, the peasant rebels destroyed his palace and his various facilities too much. What's more, the palace built by Qin Shihuang was also the political center of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties, especially China in Han and Tang dynasties. Its overlapping buildings, what is overlapping? I used to live here, and later people will continue to live here, which will destroy the buildings of the previous generation. So it is very difficult to study, but we know that Xianyang City in Qin Dynasty is of great significance in the history of China. Although Xianyang City in Qin was short-lived, it was overthrown by the peasant rebels at the end of Qin Dynasty from the middle of the Warring States Period to the end of Qin Dynasty in 350 BC, and Xiang Yu entered the western expedition. Xianyang City in Qin was also burned beyond recognition by a big fire. I excavated this site in the early 1970s. It used to be a house. Because you may be surprised to dig it out, just like a steelmaking furnace, it is full of slag and can't be moved. Slag is colorful, obviously there is gold in that one. For example, there are all kinds of metal ornaments, otherwise that phenomenon will not appear. Therefore, Sima Qian's Records of the Historian recorded that "Xiang Yu burned Xianyang Palace" seems to be true, and it has been verified by archaeological excavations. Moreover, the palace is quite rich and luxurious. It is easy for us to decorate the house now. His palace is covered with murals, and there are murals beside the corridor. More than 2000 years have passed, and the murals are still very bright in color and have just been excavated. In the history of China's ancient capital construction, Qin Xianyang City should be said to have created a very important peak. Han Dynasty, Han Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty in Xianyang, Qin. As we all know, there is a river in the middle of the map, and the east-west rivers are called Weihe River and Weishui River. To the north of Weihe River is Xianyang City of Qin Dynasty, and to the south of Weihe River was the palace of Qin Dynasty. Everyone knows the play Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin or Lian Po Lin Xiangru. King Qin has a temple named Zhangtai just south of Weihe River, which is actually a palace of Han Dynasty. The office hall of Han and Liu Bang was later regarded as the office hall, also known as the front hall. Its capital is built here.
Look at the picture of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. What about this picture? At that time, buildings, palaces, market buildings and ancestral halls were all painted purple. It should be said that this city has been working for nearly 50 years now, and the situation is basically clear. This city also had a great influence on ancient China. You see, although there is a light line in the middle, it is a road. Although it is not neat, it has formed the so-called tofu-block urban structure in ancient China, where roads are cut into tofu blocks one by one. Moreover, there is an ancestral temple to the south, and there are eleven Little Square in the square, which was the ancestral temple at that time. What is a ancestral temple? It's for ancestor worship, and there is a Little Square next to it. Under its southwest corner is the countryside. What is a country? The country worships heaven and prays for a bumper harvest in agriculture. One is to worship ancestors, and the other is to worship heaven. Sacrificing ancestors is to protect themselves and to inherit their own political power; Sacrificing to heaven is to maintain a good harvest and create a good year. This is an ancient political thought. It continued until later generations to Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. As we all know, there were ancestral temples and countries in Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Regardless of its location, I will talk about its cultural connotation later, which can reflect these characteristics. The wall of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty is 25,700 meters. At that time, this wall was built by Liu Ying, the son of Emperor Gaozu. This city wall is generally10m high and16m wide at the bottom. They are all rammed by earth. How hard is it? If you are likely to travel to Xi 'an, look at that layer of soil layer by layer, which is the same as the brick now and has the same hardness as the brick now. It has been preserved for more than two thousand years. It should be said that it is one of the earliest preserved city sites in China. The most important core place of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty, we say that a city, the capital is the epitome of the country. What is the most important thing in the capital? It's Miyagi. What is Miyagi? Just like old Beijing, what is the most important thing in old Beijing? Of course, there are many important places, but as the capital, the Forbidden City is the most important, because the emperor is in it. Everything else revolves around the Forbidden City. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, everything in Beijing revolved around the Forbidden City, including the Shichahai in the past, and all kinds of restoration things revolved around it. Without the Forbidden City, there would be no Summer Palace and Yuanmingyuan. So we say that the most important thing in a capital is its palace. The palace in the Han Dynasty was Weiyang Palace. When people often sing in go to the opera, they often mention Weiyang Palace, which is the square in the middle of the picture. This is a square palace with a side length of 2200 meters, which is about four square kilometers. In the middle of the palace, there is a green office hall called the front hall, and the front is the front. In ancient China, the emperor's office hall was called Lu's bedroom in the Zhou Dynasty. Road is the "road" of road, bed is the "bed" of sleeping hall, and it is the "bed" of sleeping. In the Qin Dynasty, it was called Qian Dian. Therefore, when Qin Shihuang repaired Epang Palace, he called it the front hall of Epang Palace. Continue to inherit this in the Han dynasty. By the time of Cao Wei, when Cao Shijia was in Cao Wei, the hall where the emperor worked was renamed Taiji Hall. Tai Chi is practicing Tai Ji Chuan's "Tai Chi", and this name has continued to this day. The Japanese, their ancient capital, are also called by this name. Of course, later, like in Beijing, we called it "Hall of Supreme Harmony", and some people called it "Hall of Qing Dynasty". In fact, it used to be called Qian Dian. This temple, as you can see, is right in the center of the project, right in the center of the square project, and it is called standing in the middle. Choosing the middle is centered on it, that is to say, it can't be centered on the front hall. This center includes both east-west concentration and north-south concentration. Anyone who has been to the Forbidden City now can have a look. You don't know in front of it Just look at the picture and you will know whether the Hall of Supreme Harmony is in the center of things. Moreover, there is no hall in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, only the door, and so is this hall. There are doors in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Whether it is the noon gate or Tiananmen Square, there is no office hall in front, let alone the rest room. This has been handed down from ancient times. For example, like the front hall of Weiyang Palace, there is no longer a hall in front of the front hall, but it must be on both sides or behind, and the front can't stop it. This is a kind of supremacy and a kind of dignity of a so-called monarch. Through the layout of the building and the geographical location of the building, an idea is embodied.
Let me introduce Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty. When Liu Xiu arrived in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he moved the capital to Luoyang. Peasant War, after the peasant war uprising in the late Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang's regime was overthrown and Luoyang was established as the capital. Luoyang city has a characteristic. If we see the situation of Chang 'an City in the Han Dynasty, we will see that the planning of Luoyang City is a Little Square, two palaces in the north and south, and two palaces used in different periods. The south used in the early stage is called Nangong, and the north used in the later stage is called Gong Bei. This period should be said to have entered a new era of the development of the ancient capital of China. From this period, Luoyang entered the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Miyagi, the so-called Miyagi Palace, changed from several to one. It turns out that the metropolis is not a Miyagi, but many Miyagi. For example, there were Weiyang Palace and Changle Palace in Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. Why are there Weiyang Palace and Changle Palace? Because the emperor was in Weiyang Palace at the beginning, the queen was still there after the death of the emperor, and the son of the queen was still in Weiyang Palace when he became emperor. Where did the queen go? The Queen became the Empress Dowager, and the Empress Dowager went to the Changle Palace in the east. So in the Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty, it was called "East Palace" and "West Palace". The East Palace refers to the queen mother's palace, and the West Palace refers to the place where the emperor works. At that time, in the early feudal society of China, a feudal dynasty often needed consorts, and the dictatorship of consorts needed his family to support it. He doesn't trust his brother very much. He is afraid that sometimes brothers distrust each other and kill each other, so the consorts are very powerful. In fact, most of the queen's family power is in Changle Palace. You can pay attention to the history of the Western Han Dynasty. The emperor of the Western Han Dynasty lived short, while the queen lived long. A dozen queens became queens, and queens became wives and queens. How long have they been in power? Multi-Miyagi is the transformation of China feudal society from multi-Miyagi to single-Miyagi, and it is the expression of political maturity and centralization of imperial power. From taking the emperor as the power, relying on the family to relying on relatives, the emperor was close to the country and became a political force of his own organization. If you can't see it clearly in Luoyang City in the Northern Wei Dynasty, let's take a look at Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty. When I arrived in Chang 'an, I now saw a relatively complete Tang Dynasty. Green is the palace area, purple is its general residential area and market, green south is the imperial city, where all parts of the office are located, and green north is Miyagi, where the emperor works. There is another one in the northeast corner. As we all know, there is a TV series "Daming Palace Ci", which is Daming Palace. The northeast corner is Daming Palace. It was from the era of Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian that the palace moved here from Miyagi, and the office here was called Hanyuan Temple. This was taken from the air, with a large platform in the middle and an excavation site around it. On both sides are two noon gates that are very similar to Beijing. When you enter Tiananmen Square, two buildings come out from both sides of the meridian gate, with a door in the middle, a temple at the earliest, and two pavilions come out from both sides. In this case, it should be said that the history of the meridian gate can be traced back from here, and of course it originated earlier, not just here.
Since Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, the ancient capital of China has formed its own system. What system? A city has a central axis, which is in the center of the city, and then its main entrance, the main entrance of the city, the main entrance of the imperial city and the main entrance of Miyagi are all on the same line. Then all his men gathered around the palace, around the palace, around the palace. How to live? Finishing Li Fang, cut into the same pattern as tofu. Let's look at the format piece by piece. In a rectangular square, now we call it Hutong. It was called Hutong in the Yuan Dynasty, and Fang in the Yuan Dynasty, which has local characteristics and is square. It used to be called Li, but now it's also called Li. What is Li? It is "Li" in one mile and two miles. In Luoyang, it was called "Li" in the Han Dynasty and "Fang" in the Northern Wei Dynasty until it became an alley in the Yuan Dynasty. This is the change of our residential area in China. Moreover, the square is generally rectangular. There is a crossroads in Chang 'an, which is divided into four small ones, and every four small ones have a crossroads. A road is gradually wider than the road in the city, such as the main road in the city. In the Tang Dynasty, the width of Chang 'an was from150m to155m, which was probably wider than Chang 'an Avenue, with a width of155m. This road is one level smaller than it. On the other level, it may be 100 meters wide, or 100 to 120 meters wide, and there is a narrower road leading to the city gate. For example, around the city wall, it may be thirty or fifty meters wide, and the square road where people live is more than ten meters wide. If the alley is cut into paths, it will be five or six meters wide. Hello everyone, we know that you may sometimes see some Japanese literary works, and Japan is Maji. Ding is human. Our square is divided into four parts. A square has a cross divided into four parts, and each small one is divided into four parts. Sixteen parts are * * *. The Japanese name is Sixteen Ding. This system has been spread to Japan, but the name is slightly different. This system continued, it should be said that the ancient capital system of China continued until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and basically changed little. Liao, Jin, Yuan and Qing dynasties, it should be said that from now on, our ethnic minorities are the rulers of unified state power, but they have also absorbed the advanced culture of the Chinese nation. In the construction of the capital, this is completely the same thing. Especially in the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was even more standardized and even more retro than the emperors ruled by the Han nationality in China. What is retro? To restore China's ancient culture, we should copy and build it according to China's ancient book Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji and Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji's model. Of course, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it not only continued to absorb the characteristics of Beijing in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, but also combined the characteristics of China's capital cities to build Beijing. Beijing has become a masterpiece of the ancient capital of China. I think people in Beijing know it very well, so I won't introduce it here. If that's the case, the best way to understand the ancient capital is to learn about the ancient capital of China from Beijing, and many things can be easily cracked. Thank you!
I want to talk about the ancient cultural characteristics of China reflected by the ancient capital of China. This question is also relatively empty and big. I can only talk about some personal thoughts about what I think is more relevant. First of all, what are the characteristics of the site selection of the ancient capital of China? That is, since there are so many ancient capitals in China, from ancient times to the present, there are about 200 unified imperial dynasties, national subjugation dynasties or local governments. What are their basic construction conditions? I think this speech can inspire you to understand the ancient capital and ancient history.
First of all, the location of the ancient capital has strict requirements on natural conditions. The so-called natural conditions, the first is the landscape conditions. There is a saying that the capital is surrounded by mountains and waters, and it is we who build. The capital is a complex, just like building a house. To build a house, there must be light and a sunrise. To build a capital, you should choose terrain, big terrain. What is the purpose of facing the mountains and rivers? Face water is for the needs of life, and back mountain certainly has the needs of life. Backing the mountain has both life needs and safety needs. So the terrain is very important for the capital, because the capital is the political center. It should consider political security, its economic development, or the development and operation of a normal society. Therefore, we cannot ignore the basic economic conditions and basic environmental conditions.
The second should also consider the middle, and the world is in the middle. No matter in Xia Dynasty or Shang Dynasty, it tried to consider that its capital should be able to easily control its own country. However, the idea of being in the middle is not completely national. For a long time, I think that the capital of China, according to my statistics, is Xi 'an, with more than 900 years of Beijing and more than 800 years of Luoyang, basically in the middle of this period. It is also a transportation hub.