Korean (Korean)
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Korean
Overview of Korean (Korean)
Korean (also known as Korean) is officially called "Korean" in Putonghua, but it can also be called Korean or Korean in informal occasions. Korean (called Korean in Korea) is the official language of South Korea, but it continues to be called Korean in North Korea, and the two are essentially the same. At present, the number of users is around 70 million, mainly distributed in the Korean peninsula. Three northeastern provinces of China, the United States, Japan, Central Asian countries of the former Soviet Union and the Far East are also distributed. Korean vocabulary is divided into proprietary words, Chinese words and foreign words.
Broadly speaking, "Korean" and "Korean" are the same language. In a narrow sense, "Korean" refers to the official language of North Korea and "Korean" refers to the official language of South Korea.
Modern Korean is a "standard Korean" based on Seoul's official dialect, while Korean used in North Korea is a "standard Korean".
Korean and Korean are the same language, but due to the interruption of North-South communication for more than half a century, especially the communication between ordinary people is very few, and the development of the two countries is different, some new words in modern Korean, especially western-style loanwords, are absent or written differently in modern Korean. Except for new words, Korean and Korean are only slightly different in pronunciation, and there is no phenomenon that they don't understand each other. Korean and Korean are both written in Korean in phonology.
China officially defines its official name as "Korean", not "Korean" or "Korean". For example, the most famous Beijing Foreign Studies University in China has a professional name of "Korean". However, the actual grammar, idioms, etc. Most of them are based on Seoul standard language [standard Korean].
However, some people have found out through other channels that "Korean" address is actually used more frequently than "Korean" address in China or overseas.
Korean (Korean) is marked in two ways: Chinese characters are ideographic characters, and Korean (Korean) is phonological writing. The ancient Korean people didn't have their own characters for a long time, so they recorded Korean with Chinese characters in history and expressed Korean (Korean) with phonetic notation. However, due to the natural differences between Korean (Korean) and Chinese language families and the huge number of Chinese characters, ordinary Koreans have not learned China culture. In the process of creating Korean language, Korean scholars went to Liaodong 13 times to ask Huang Zan, a scholar of Hanlin in Ming Dynasty who was in exile there, about phonology and pronunciation. However, South Korea encountered resistance from all sides from the beginning. At that time, Cui Wanli and other scholars put forward: "Giving up Chinese characters and using proverbs violates respecting China's thought and is equivalent to admitting that you are uncivilized." It was not until the third year after the invention of Korean that the Korean version of Andrew was officially promulgated. In ancient Korea, ancient books and documents were basically recorded in Chinese characters. Korean has been boycotted for a long time since it came into being. It was not until the beginning of19th century that it really became a national character at the initiative of nationalists. At that time, mixed Chinese and Korean characters were also used, which was called national Chinese in Korea. Later, Chinese characters gradually withdrew from the mainstream Korean characters. At present, the main written language in North Korea and South Korea is Korean. Chinese characters are only auxiliary characters. Chinese characters in Korean (Korean) are not all Central Plains Chinese characters, but Chinese characters in Korean (Korean) include three parts. The first is the Central Plains Chinese characters, mainly borrowed after Chinese characters were introduced into the peninsula. Later, China's influence expanded and a large number of ancient Chinese characters were introduced. It is generally believed that the time is around the 4th to 6th century AD. Although Chinese characters have been gradually replaced by Korean in modern times, Korean Chinese characters have been used all the time. Most Chinese characters in Korean come from ancient Chinese, such as "Hou" for a station, "book" for a book and "lamp" for a glass. Moreover, because there are relatively few pronunciations in Korean, only one Korean language corresponds to several Chinese characters, so it is often impossible to distinguish the meanings of some homonyms only in Korean, and it is easy to cause confusion when using Korean language completely. Some words do not indicate Chinese characters and do not know the exact names. Therefore, in the hundreds of years after the emergence of Korean characters, Chinese characters are still the main language form on the Korean Peninsula. Later, Chinese characters and Korean were mixed, Chinese characters were used for writing and the rest were used in Korean. This mixed writing form has gradually become the mainstream of the general writing form on the Korean Peninsula. However, before Japan occupied the Korean peninsula in 19 10, Chinese characters were still used in the production of official documents, classics and imperial examinations. Second, Chinese characters originated from Japan. In modern East Asia, Japan was the earliest civilized country. The Japanese created many new Chinese characters, which spread to China and Korean Peninsula at the same time. In addition, in the process of long-term use of Chinese characters, Koreans have also recorded or combined some Chinese characters themselves, which are not used in China or Japan. Due to the long-term influence of Chinese character culture, there are still nearly 50% Chinese characters in modern Korean. Although Chinese characters have withdrawn from the main writing stage of Korean (Korean), they are still auxiliary characters in Korea. Chinese characters, as the common language of ancient East Asia, will still affect Korean. In addition, there is a tendency to increase western-style loanwords in modern Korean, which is also in line with the characteristics of Korean phonetic language.
The Origin of Korean (Korean)
Ancient Koreans (called Koreans in Korea) did not have their own writing. Language is like air. People use it in all aspects of their lives. Modern people can hardly imagine the pain without their own words. Just as Latin surpassed Mandarin in medieval Europe, Chinese characters were widely used in Japan, Vietnam and Southeast Asian countries. So it is not surprising that Chinese characters are used on the Korean peninsula. However, it should be noted that people on the peninsula did not speak Chinese at that time, but Korean, and Korean and Chinese were not languages of the same language family. They just recorded their national language with the help of Chinese characters. Therefore, it often happens that Chinese characters cannot completely and accurately express Korean. Anyone who has studied Korean will find that Korean (Korean) is very different from Chinese, although there are a lot of Chinese characters. The reason is that Chinese is an independent language of Sino-Tibetan language family, while Korean is a cohesive language of Altai language family, and there are great differences between them in grammar.
At first, people tried to express Korean with Chinese characters, and there were also some compromise methods such as "borrowing words to mark". At that time, the Chinese level of the upper ruling class was much higher than that of the lower officials. Because of the limited Chinese characters of junior officials, they often use this combination of two languages to express the correct meaning of official documents. The essence of this method is to add function words such as group words to Chinese characters and adjust the word order to express them. Because Chinese characters are a writing system created to mark Chinese, it is very inappropriate to mark Korean (Korean), which is completely different from Chinese. Therefore, since the Three Kingdoms period in Korea, people have been trying to mark Korean with Chinese characters. Finally, they found two ways to mark Korean. One way is to abandon the ideographic function of Chinese characters and use the phonetic function of Chinese characters. For example, borrow the word "ancient" to mark the pronunciation of Korean "?" The second method is to give up the phonetic function of Chinese characters and write Korean characters only with the ideographic function of Chinese characters. For example, in the Silla era, the word "water" was used to represent the Korean word "?" The same method can also be used to label names and places. The research on marking Korean with Chinese characters has never stopped. Among them, the most important methods are sworn comments and official reading, hometown writing. The oath method combines the arrangement of Chinese characters with the language order of Silla, that is, the romanization of Chinese characters. Official reading is a grammatical supplement to oath symbols, which makes the context clearer. It is speculated that the official reading formed a complete system around the 7 th century, from
Although this peculiar way has a certain vitality and continues to develop, it is difficult to ensure the integrity and efficiency of expressing Korean in Chinese characters. Because there are many words in Korean that are difficult to describe correctly with the sound or meaning of Chinese characters, and it is common for a Chinese character to have multiple meanings. At the same time, the Chinese level of the ruling class has gradually improved, resulting in a smaller and smaller scope of use of "loanwords".
This separation of spoken and written language makes the ruling class feel very inconvenient, but it is conducive to maintaining its dominant position. Because only the ruling class can learn Chinese and take the imperial examinations, which is the guarantee for determining political status and enjoying various economic benefits. Therefore, creating a language that ordinary people can easily learn was unimaginable at that time and was not recognized by the mainstream society. From this point of view, Sejong created a unique national character-Korean for the convenience of ordinary people, which is also an epoch-making pioneering work from the political point of view.
In this context, Sejong knew that the creation of new characters would definitely arouse the dissatisfaction and opposition of the ruling class. So he is working on this great project in secret. Sejong is said to have put a lot of energy into this matter. Many history books say that Sejong himself created Korean, at least Sejong himself participated in this matter. Sejong is an unprecedented wise monarch on the Korean peninsula. Sejong was also an outstanding scholar who was able to create Korean at that time. Why is Sejong so keen on creating Korean? Maybe it's because he personally presided over the project, and he accomplished the task brilliantly.
Training Andrew (Korean) was founded in 1443 (the 25th year of Sejong) 65438+February, and was widely distributed in China on 1446 (the 28th year of Sejong), which is original and scientific in marking Korean. There is a strong correlation between letters and phonemes. Like the letter "?" Indicates that the tongue touches the upper wall of the mouth. The letter "?" And letters " It's all tongue sounds, but the pronunciation is stronger, so you went in? Draw letters on it? ”。 Other letters? , '? ' , '? ' , '? ' It is also created according to this phonetic principle. Although South Korea has created its own writing system, it still prefers to use Chinese characters among the two classes of the ruling class in North Korea. It was not until the 20th century that the phonetic symbol system of Xunmin Andrew began to be widely used.
King Sejong created national character.
At that time, the Korean dynasty had no written language of its own, while China used Chinese characters as its national language, and Japanese Hiragana and Katakana appeared, while Vietnamese used Nanzi as their national language.
King Sejong believes that a splendid country without its own national language will have a great influence on the development of the Korean dynasty in the future and even on future generations, so he decided to create a simple and easy-to-learn language for his country.
"The voice of the country is unusually China, and the words don't circulate, so many people have something to say, but in the end they can't express their feelings. For this reason, the new 28-character system wants to make everyone easy to learn and convenient for daily use. "
The vowels in Training Andrew are created according to the principles of heaven, earth and man.
God? Tianyuan
Land? Ground level
People? People are straight.
derive
A * * * has 17 consonants and 1 1 vowels. ***28, of which these four letters are no longer in modern Korean (Korean)!
So there are 24!
Korean (Xunmin Andrew) was designated as the 70th national treasure of Korea and was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO on 1997 and 10.
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Japanese
abstract
Japanese, the full name of Japanese, is the official language of Japan. The language family is controversial. Some people think it can be classified as Altaic language family, and some Japanese scholars think it is an isolated language (later, some Japanese scholars put forward the concept of Korean-Japanese Ryukyu language family, thinking that Japanese is subordinate) or Japanese language family. It is a glue language, and there are many borrowed Chinese characters in the writing system. Japanese has two sets of phonetic symbols: hiragana (hiragana) and katakana (katakana). It can also be written in Roman characters and Latin letters. Pseudonyms and Chinese characters are often used in daily life, and Roman characters are often used in signboards or advertisements. The phonetic notation of Japanese characters uses Hiragana instead of Roman characters. Similar to Japanese is Ryukyu. Japanese is mainly used in Japan. When Japan ruled Taiwan Province Province, Korean Peninsula, Southeast Asia, Oceania and parts of China, local people were forced to learn to speak Japanese, and they were forced to give Japanese names, so there are still people who can speak Japanese and local languages at the same time, or use Japanese more skillfully. Many Japanese immigrants who have settled in California and Brazil also speak Japanese. Although their descendants have Japanese names, they rarely use Japanese skillfully. Japanese is a cohesive language, which forms sentences by pasting grammatical elements on words. This language is called flexible use. The combination between them is not close, only showing grammatical functions without changing the meaning of the original words. Japanese is very diverse, not only in spoken and written language, but also in simplicity, simplicity, dignity, solemnity, men, women and children. People in different industries and positions speak differently. This aspect reflects the strict hierarchy and team thinking of Japanese society. Honorific words are developed in Japanese. The use of honorifics makes Japanese in public very elegant. However, the overly complicated grammar makes it extremely difficult to learn honorifics. Even the native Japanese can't fully grasp it. The developed languages of honorifics are Korean and Mongolian. Japanese pronunciation is very simple, with only five vowels and several consonants. With all kinds of unusual sounds, the total * * * does not exceed 100. Spanish and Italian are similar in pronunciation to Japanese. Generally speaking, the proportion of consonants and vowels in the pronunciation of these three languages is close to 1: 1. Japanese vocabulary is very rich and huge, absorbing a lot of foreign words. Generally speaking, there are more than 30,000 (excluding names and places) (1956). (see Japanese # Japanese vocabulary) is closely related to Altai language family and Austronesian language family. Influenced by Chinese, it absorbs tones and quantifiers that were originally the characteristics of Sino-Tibetan language family, which makes the language attribution of Japanese very complicated. Linguists have different opinions about the origin of Japanese.
Linguistically speaking, Japan is almost a single nation, with more than 99% of the population using the same language. This means that Japanese is the sixth largest language in the world. However, Japanese is rarely used outside Japan.
There are many theories about the origin of Japanese. Many scholars believe that, syntactically, Japanese is close to Altaic languages such as Turkish and Mongolian. It is generally believed that Japanese is syntactically similar to Korean. There is also evidence that Japanese morphology and vocabulary were influenced by southern Malay-Polynesian languages in prehistoric times.
It is generally believed that the writing system in contemporary Japan includes Japanese characters, Hiragana and Katakana, which originated in China. Among them, ideographic Chinese characters were once called "real names" compared with pseudonyms. Although China people are no strangers to Chinese characters, they are still confused when they encounter Chinese characters such as "Yi", "Yi" and "Bian". These Chinese characters were created by the Japanese. Perhaps many people don't know that the word "gland" used in Chinese now was also created by the Japanese in the Edo period. Of course, the pronunciation of Japanese Chinese characters is different from that of Chinese, but it can be expressed by pseudonyms. A Chinese character usually has multiple pronunciations. For example, "wood" has many pronunciations, such as "き, もく, ぼく". There are two main situations. One is that after Chinese characters were introduced into Japan, the Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters themselves was also introduced. This pronunciation is called "phonetic reading", such as "もく, ぼく" in the above example; However, when Japanese proper words express their meanings in Chinese characters, the pronunciation becomes "training reading". As an example, "き".
Although Japanese and China speak completely different languages, the Japanese writing system comes from China. When China characters were introduced to Japan sometime in the 5th and 6th centuries, Japan supplemented China characters, Hiragana and Katakana with two pinyin characters, both of which were transformed from Chinese characters.
There are many local dialects in Japan. Under the influence of mass media such as radio, television and movies, standard Japanese based on Tokyo dialect gradually spread to the whole country, but the dialects spoken by people in Kyoto and Osaka, in particular, continued to prosper and retained their prestige.