The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and re-disciples until the early Warring States period.
The book * * * consists of 20 chapters and 492 sections. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.
This book is one of the Confucian classics, and it is also called "Four Books" with Daxue, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius. Together with The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu, they are called "Four Books and Five Classics".
The Analects of Confucius has three versions in ancient times: ancient theory, Lu theory and Qi theory. The Analects of Confucius, which is popular now, is a version formed by collating Lu Lun and Gu Lun.
2. Mencius
There are seven books in Mencius, which is a compilation of Mencius' remarks during the Warring States Period. It records the arguments between Mencius and other schools, the words and deeds of disciples, and the lobbying of princes. It was compiled by Mencius and his disciples (Zhang Wan and others). ).
Mencius recorded Mencius' thoughts on governing the country, political strategies (the debate between benevolence and Wang Ba, people-oriented, respecting the right and wrong of the monarch's heart, the people being the monarch, and the monarch following it) and political actions. Written in the mid-Warring States period, it belongs to Confucian classics.
His theoretical starting point is the theory of good nature and advocates the rule of virtue. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu called Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean the Four Books. Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has been regarded as a family heirloom. Just like our textbooks.
Mencius is the longest and heaviest of the four books, with more than 35 thousand words. From then until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the "Four Books" had been a compulsory part of the imperial examination. Mencius' theory is not only pure and broad, but also full of heroic beauty.
Step 3: Liezi
Liezi is also called Xu Chongzhen Mirror. It was written by Liezi, Liezi's disciples and later scholars in the early Warring States period. After the appearance of the Han Dynasty, he was honored as Xu Chong's True Classics, and Liezi was named as a real person in Xu Chong. His theory was praised by the ancients as the way to win.
It is a famous work in China's ancient pre-Qin ideological and cultural history. It belongs to the works of various schools and is a book of wisdom. It can open people's minds, enlighten people and give them wisdom. His books are an indispensable part of Taoism, silently observing the fortune of nature, carrying forward Huang Lao's seclusion, being concise and pleasing, and sending messages vertically and horizontally.
In the first year of Tianbao in Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty appointed "Doctor of Metaphysics" and declared Liezi as the true sutra of Xu Chong, which was sealed as the true sutra of Xu Chong Zhide in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is listed as one of the important Taoist classics.
4. Tao Te Ching
Tao Te Ching is a philosophical work of Lao Zi (Li Er) in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as Tao Te Ching, Lao Zi's Five Thousand Words and Lao Zi's Five Thousand Articles. It is a work before the separation of pre-Qin philosophers in ancient China and an important source of Taoist philosophical thoughts.
Tao Te Ching is divided into two parts. The first part of the original text is the Tao Te Ching, and the second part is the Tao Te Ching, without chapters. Later, it was changed to the Tao Te Ching in the first 37 chapters, and the Tao Te Ching in the last 38 chapters, divided into 8 1 chapters.
The text of Tao Te Ching takes "morality" in the philosophical sense as the main line, and discusses the ways of self-cultivation, governing the country, using troops and keeping in good health, but most of them aim at politics. It is the so-called "inner sage and outer king", known as the king of all classics, with profound meaning and wide tolerance.
Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest works in the history of China, which has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.
According to the statistics of UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most widely translated and published cultural masterpiece except the Bible.
5. Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi, also known as the South China Classic, is a Taoist classic, written by Zhuangzi in the middle of the Warring States Period and later scholars. After the Han Dynasty, Zhuangzi was honored as a real person in the south of the Yangtze River, so Zhuangzi was also called a classic in the south of the Yangtze River.
His books, Laozi and Zhouyi are called "San Xuan". Zhuangzi mainly embodies Zhuangzi's critical philosophy, art, aesthetics and so on. Its content is rich and profound, involving philosophy, life, politics, society, art, world outlook and many other aspects.
Zhuangzi, Gui Zang, Four Classics of Huangdi and Laozi are several original classics of the Chinese nation. They are not only important carriers of philosophy and culture, but also the crystallization of ancient sages' wisdom about literature, aesthetics, art and aesthetics. Zhuangzi and other Taoist thoughts have historically been regarded as official learning and Taoism besides Confucianism.
Zhuangzi is not only a philosophical masterpiece, but also a fable masterpiece in literature and aesthetics. But also exerted an inseparable and far-reaching influence on the development of China's literature and aesthetics.
The publication and research of the fable of Zhuangzi has inherited and developed the excellent tradition of China culture and carried forward the spirit of the Chinese nation. In a practical sense, it laid a spiritual foundation for the construction of socialist civilization.