Compare Hanshu Yiwenzhi and Sui Shu Jingjizhi?

The main difference between Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi and Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi lies in the evolution of book classification from "six-point method" to "four-point method". Han Shu Literature and Art Annals is the earliest existing book catalogue in China. It is one of the Han Shu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which records all kinds of books collected by the state in the Western Han Dynasty and is an important reference for us to understand the development and changes of academic culture from ancient times to the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Economic History of Sui Shu is the second existing book catalogue in China. It is one of the Sui Shu compiled by Wei Zhi and others in the early Tang Dynasty, which records all kinds of books collected in the Sui Dynasty and is an important reference for us to understand the development and changes of academic culture from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. Five or six hundred years have passed from Hanshu Yiwenzhi to Sui Shu Jingji Zhi, and these two catalogues just reflect a great change in China's classical bibliography during these five or six hundred years. This great change mainly refers to the evolution of book classification from "six-point method" to "four-point method". In the third year of Heping in the Western Han Dynasty (the first 26 years), outstanding scholars Liu Xiang and Liu Xin were ordered to preside over the first large-scale book collation in the history of China. After each book is completed, Liu Xiang will write a narrative to describe the author, content, academic value and proofreading process of the book. These bibliographies were later compiled into a book, which is China's first book catalogue-Bielu. After Liu Xiang's death, Liu Xin continued to sort out the books, and simplified the contents recorded in Bielu. He divided the recorded books into six strategies, hundred schools of thought, poetry and fu, military strategists' strategies, techniques and methods, and then added a general strategy in front of them, which was compiled into the first Seven Strategies of China. Bielu and Qilue laid the foundation of China's bibliography, and also formed the characteristics of China's bibliography, which was called "the study of distinguishing chapters and examining the origin of mirrors" in Zhang Xuecheng's School of Righteousness in Qing Dynasty. For example, the Seven Laws classifies the six laws into thirty-eight categories, and analyzes various cultural and academic schools from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty. In the form of summary, this paper comments on the rise and fall of various cultural and academic studies as a whole; Through the narration of various books, this paper introduces the advantages and disadvantages of various academic and cultural works in detail, which is tantamount to an academic and cultural history from pre-Qin to Western Han Dynasty. Bielu and Qilv were lost in the late Tang Dynasty. However, the general situation of the other records, especially the seven laws, is basically retained in the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi. Ban Gu compiled Han Shu Literature and Art Records according to Qilue. First of all, he followed the six-point method of Qilue, and divided all the books in the world into (1) six Yilues, which recorded Yi, Shi, Shu, Li, Yue, Chunqiu, The Analects of Confucius, Xiao Jing and Primary School. These books are all Confucian classics or works related to Confucian classics, and they are arranged in the most prominent position, which reflects the ousting of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. (2) hundred schools of thought recorded ten articles, including Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, law, Ming, ink, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture and novels. The Western Han Dynasty is not far from ancient times, and many books of various genres have been preserved. Although Confucianism was respected at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the theories of various schools were basically eclectic, not as extreme as those of later generations, so the schools of various schools ranked in the second category. (3) Introduction to Poetry and Fu, which records five kinds of literary works, such as Ci, Fu, Song and Poetry; (4) Introduction of military literature, which records four types of military literature, including military tactics, military situation, yin and yang, and military skills, including strategic thinking and tactical skills; (5) Introduction to mathematical technology, including six books on astronomy, calendar, five elements, tortoise, miscellaneous occupations and morphology. There are not only scientific knowledge of astronomy, calendar, mathematics and physics, but also absurd superstitions such as divination, good or bad luck and geomantic omen. (6) Fang Jilue records four works, namely, medical classics, classics, house and immortals, which are generally a mixture of medical science and alchemy. The above six schools are slightly divided into 38 categories, * * * records 596 books that can be seen at that time, 13269. It is like a big "window" of classified display, and various cultural and academic works are displayed in front of readers in an orderly manner like exhibits according to their nature. Secondly, Ban Gu separated all kinds of theoretical works and schools in the Seven Laws according to their contents, and dispersed them into various categories as the order of size, which made the discussion and classified description more closely combined. This is an innovation of Ban Gu, because in this way, readers can avoid the labor of searching repeatedly, and at the same time, when they see the descriptions of various works, they can also read the general order. Just like the general description of each big "window". Thirdly, in order to make the catalogue meet the requirements of Historical Records, Ban Gu once again simplified the description of Liu Xin's seven views and chose the most important part as a small note attached to the book, just like the introduction of every exhibit in the big "window". For example, The Analects of Confucius Six Arts has "Twenty-one Ancient Analects of Confucius", and the small note says: "Out of the hole wall, there are two pieces." There is also "Twenty-two Articles of Qi (The Analects of Confucius)", with a small note: "Ask the gentleman and know." Now it is obvious that the two titles of The Analects of Confucius are different from the titles of this article. In this way, Hanshu Yiwenzhi preserved the general features of the classification, compilation and description of the Seven Laws in the form of classification, size order and small notes, and also played the role of "distinguishing chapters and studying mirrors". In this academic window, we can see the dazzling and brilliant achievements and development of academic culture from pre-Qin to Western Han Dynasty. However, don't think that Ban Gu changed his face a little with only one "seven views", which is called "the words of literature and art". In fact, Ban Gu also spent a lot of effort. In addition to the above compilation, he also supplemented several works such as Du Lin, Yang Xiong and Liu Xiang in the last years of the Western Han Dynasty, making Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi a complete book catalogue from ancient times to the Western Han Dynasty. He also adjusted the improper classification in Qilue. For example, Sima Fa was originally included in the strategy book, but Ban Gu changed it to six arts etiquette. Yi Yin, Taigong, Guan Zi, Kuai Tong and Sun were all originally in hundred schools of thought, but Ban Gu all moved to hundred schools of thought. In a word, Hanshu Yiwenzhi inherited the fine tradition of China's classical bibliography with seven laws as the core and general description and narration as the auxiliary means, and founded the Catalogue of Historical Records, which made the classical bibliography more mature, so its value is very high. Great changes have taken place in academic ideology and culture since the Eastern Han Dynasty. First of all, Confucian classics consolidated its dominant position in ideology and culture. Even in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, when "different opinions" were the most prosperous and the thoughts were the most open, the position of Confucian classics never wavered. This can be seen from the fact that metaphysical scholars have to rely on The Analects of Confucius to play Hyunri, and Buddhists have to respect Confucius equally and strive to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Secondly, as Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi said, historiography has made great progress, "there are dozens of histories in one generation", and historiography has suddenly changed from a "vassal" in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Six Arts to a "big country", expanding rapidly and gradually becoming independent. Third, with Confucian classics becoming the stepping stone to official career, culture becoming the exclusive product of gentry, the theories of various schools declined, and military, astronomy, mathematics, machinery and medicine, as practical technologies, were despised, so such works were decreasing day by day. Third, since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the compilation of personal collections, collections and anthologies has become increasingly prosperous. Although these anthologies, especially other anthologies, are mainly literary works, they are not just poems, but also political essays, recitations and essays. Because of this series of changes, the catalogue, as the display window of academic culture, especially the classification determined by the nature of academic culture, has to be changed to adapt to the development and changes of culture and academics. The first person to stand up and reform the classification is Xun Xu of the Western Jin Dynasty. When Xun Xu edited Zhongjing's New Book according to the Classic of the Three Kingdoms edited by Wei Zhengmo, he divided the books into four categories: Part A, Six Arts and Primary School; Part b: philosopher, art of war, strategist, mathematics; C history books and chores; Ding Bu's Poetry and Fu, Tu Zan and Ji. This basically constitutes the "quartering method" of later generations. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Li Chong wrote the Bibliography of the Jin and Yuan Emperors, and also reversed the positions of the classics, history, zi and Ji of Xunxu, thus roughly determining the order of the four later books. Because this classification was in line with the academic development and trend at that time, it was quickly recognized by official and private catalogers. "Since the end of time, the ancestors of the world have described it" (preface to seven records), such as Yin Chunsi's bibliography, Xie Lingyun's bibliography of the four secret pavilions, and Wang Liang's and Xie Wei's bibliography of the four secret pavilions, all adopt four. At that time, Seven Records and Liu's Five Catalogues of Wendetang were both named after Seven and Five, but they were actually connected by four-part method. For example, apart from Buddhism and Taoism, the former is divided into five chapters, which are just "sub-records" of social science and "technical records" of applied science, and the other three books are not much different from the four-point method. However, what really lays the foundation for the quartering method should be the Annals of Sui Shu Classics. Some people may ask, didn't you say that Xun Yu and Li Chong have basically formed a quartering method? Why does it say here that Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi really laid the foundation for the four-part division? This is because: First of all, before the Annals of Sui Shu Classics, the quartering method did not completely occupy the dominant position. For example, Wang Jian's Seven Chapters and Xu's Seven Woods still stick to the old rules and stick to their laurels, adopting the outdated seven-part method. Although Seven Records and Five Records of Wendetang are similar to the four-part classification, they are still five laws instead of four. In the field of cataloging, there are still conflicts among various classifications. It was not until the publication of Annals of Sui Shu Classics and Records that the authority of the four-point method, which has been used for more than 1000 years, was established. Secondly, the previous four catalogues of Sui Shu Jingji Zhi were rough, not as accurate as the six books of Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi and the five books of Qilu. It is only in the Annals of Sui Shu Classics that this advantage of Qilu is absorbed and strictly divided into small categories, and only the History Department is divided into thirteen categories. Therefore, we say that Sui Shu Economic Annals should be a work that really lays the foundation of the quartering method. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi is divided into four parts and forty categories, with two books of Buddhism and Taoism attached. * * * Recorded 3 127 volumes, 36,708 volumes. It is similar to Hanshu Yiwenzhi in system, with a general preface, a small preface and a small note. What is particularly worth mentioning is that its small note bets on the books that have been lost or incomplete in the Sui Dynasty and hidden in the Liang Dynasty, which enables people to investigate the collection of books in the Liang Dynasty and the discrete survival of books since the Liang Dynasty, and plays a dual role of "preserving the present books and examining the lost books". This is an innovation of Sui Shu's Jing Ji Zhi, and it is better than it. As we know, the Liang Dynasty was a period of cultural prosperity in the Southern Dynasties, and the public and private collections were extremely rich. However, due to the Hou Jing Rebellion and the burning of books in Yuan Di during the Northern Zhou Dynasty, these books suffered heavy losses. Due to the unification of the world, another period of cultural prosperity appeared in the Sui Dynasty, and public and private collections were also very rich. So, what's the difference between the books collected in these two peak periods? During the low tide between these two peaks, which books appeared and which books were scattered? If Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi simply records the existing books, it will inevitably fail to reflect these two problems. So the editors in Sui Shu adopted the method of recording the incomplete and lost books with small notes. For example, the sixty-five volumes of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty were noted: "This is a hundred volumes, which Liang has, and it is now incomplete. It was written by Xue Ying, the constant attendant of Jin Sanqi. " In this way, we know that this book has been incomplete for 35 volumes since the Liang Dynasty. Another example: Zhouyi has eight volumes. "Note:" Meng Xizhang, director of Han Opera, has an incomplete sentence and ten volumes of beams. Chang Fei, another Han single father, wrote four volumes of Zhouyi and died. " In this way, we know that in the Liang Dynasty, ten volumes of Meng Yi and four volumes of Fei Yi were still well preserved, but in the Sui Dynasty, Fei Yi was lost, leaving only eight volumes of Meng Yi. According to the statistics of "every kind of dead book is like a number of cadres", there are 1064 volumes 12759 volumes in the annotations of Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi. In this way, it is still unclear about the collection of books during the period of Liang Sui and the collection of books between Liang Chen. Therefore, some people praised Sui Shu Economic Annals as "a practical catalogue with double meanings". In a word, Hanshu and Sui Shu Jingji are not only the oldest extant two bibliographies, but also two landmark works of China's bibliography. We can not only see the convergence, divergence, academic development and changes of ancient and medieval classics, but also see the development process of China's bibliography from six to four.