2. China is the first country in the world to form a systematic agricultural farming theory. In the 6th century, Jia Sixie, a famous agricultural scientist in ancient China, wrote scientific classics. & gt is the earliest intact agricultural book in the world.
China is the first country in the world to produce silk and tea. As early as four or five thousand years ago in the Neolithic Age, our ancestors were engaged in sericulture and tool silk production in Jiangsu, Hebei and Henan. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, China first began to plant tea trees and produce tea in the world. Lu Yu of the Tang Dynasty wrote the world's first monograph on tea-< < Tea classics >>
China was the first country in the world to invent porcelain. Porcelain was invented in the Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest. After the Three Kingdoms, the porcelain manufacturing industry developed rapidly, but the real porcelain was made in Europe at the beginning of the18th century.
5. The longest man-made canal in the world is the Grand Canal dug by the Sui Dynasty in China, which starts from Chang 'an in the west, reaches Beijing in the north and Hangzhou in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was rebuilt into the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which runs through Beijing and Tianjin and Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, with a total length of 1794 km.
China was the first country in the world to invent the compass, papermaking, printing and gunpowder. As early as the Warring States period, China made "Sina" with magnets; Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, first discovered that the magnetic field was facing south. However, it was not until 1200 that the compass was recorded in Europe. China used hemp to make paper in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty further invented the method of making paper with plant fibers such as bark, which opened up a broad field of papermaking raw materials. It was not until the12nd century that papermaking spread to Europe. At the beginning of the 7th century, China created woodblock printing, which was printed with movable type at 1450 by German Gutenberg. < < Bible > > That was 400 years ago. China invented brown powder more than 1000 years ago. After Song Zhenzong, gunpowder gradually spread to the west.
7. The greatest ancient military defense project in the world is the Great Wall of China, which is a miracle in the history of human architecture.
8. In the Middle Ages, China was the most developed shipbuilding industry in the world. In terms of hull structure and power, ancient ships in China have created many brilliant records in the world shipbuilding and shipping history. As early as the Song Dynasty, watertight compartments were widely used in shipbuilding in China, and similar ships appeared in Europe in the18th century. China invented the paddle boat in the Tang Dynasty, seven or eight hundred years before the West. Compasses were used by ships in China in the Song Dynasty, two centuries earlier than in the West.
9. The first country in the world to conduct large-scale ocean voyage was China. In the third day of Ming Dynasty, Zheng He, the treasure eunuch, led the largest fleet to the Western Ocean seven times, which was half a century earlier than the world famous navigators Columbus and Gamma.
10. The first country in the world to invent the smelting technology of cast iron (pig iron) is China. Iron was smelted in China in the Spring and Autumn Period, while in Europe it was14th century. In the early Warring States period, iron made of malleable cast iron was smelted in Europe in the17th century. During the Warring States Period, China invented steelmaking technology and created a variety of steelmaking methods. China invented the casting method in the 6th century is
The oldest and best-preserved stone arch bridge in the world is the one in Zhao Zhouqiao, Hebei, China, which was built in the Sui Dynasty. It has a history of 1300 years. Zhao Zhouqiao is the first large-scale stone arch bridge with open shoulders in the world, and it is also one of the most contacted achievements in ancient architectural engineering in China. Similar bridges did not appear in Europe until the middle of 65,438+09 century. The longest Liang Shi Bridge in the ancient world was Anping Bridge in Jinjiang, Fujian (built in 65438).
2. The first city in the world that was planned in advance and then built was Chang 'an City built in Sui Dynasty.
3. The earliest understanding of alloy method in the world is recorded in China ancient books.
4. The earliest country in the world to smelt zinc by water method is China. I smelted zinc alloy-brass in the Song Dynasty at the latest. It was not until the16th century that Europe knew that zinc was a metal. /kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, China's zinc smelting method was introduced to Europe, and Europe began the history of zinc smelting.
5. The oldest astronomical clock in the world is the water transport instrument made in China in Song Dynasty. It was made in 1088 under the leadership of Su Song, and its height is about12m. It can not only demonstrate and observe the astronomical phenomena, but also time and tell the time.
In the 4th century BC, our ancestors invented and manufactured the world's first celestial measuring instrument. Later, Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Mason Lee in the Tang Dynasty greatly improved the original armillary sphere. At one time, China's armillary sphere was the most advanced in the world. Guo Shoujing in Yuan Dynasty further reformed and simplified the armillary sphere, and made a simple instrument in 1276, but it was more than 300 years late in Europe.
7. China is the first country in the world to use the decimal system of 10 for calculation and operation. Our ancestors used the 10 decimal system more than 3000 years ago, and India did not use the 10 decimal system until the 6th century. In Europe, it was not until 10 that "Indian Numbers" really appeared, which was 2000 years later than China.
8. The earliest record of remainder theorem in the world comes from mathematical monographs.
9. The earliest person in the world who conducted optical experiments was Mozi in China in the 5th century BC. His optical experiments show that light is reflected through a small hole, which is similar to the concepts of focus and center of modern spherical mirror. His definitions of circles, lines and surfaces are the same as Euclid's geometric definitions, but more than 100 years earlier.
10. The earliest method to synthesize compounds in the history of world chemistry is the alchemy recorded in China & gt's book in the 2nd century, which decomposes red mercuric sulfide into mercury by heating, and sublimes the sulfur in mercury into red mercuric sulfide by heating.
1 1。 China is the first country in the world to use coke. China used coke to smelt metals at the latest in the Ming Dynasty, while Europe didn't start coking until the beginning of18th century.
12。 The oldest and best-preserved stone arch bridge in the world is the stone arch bridge in Zhao Zhouqiao, Hebei, China, which was built in the Sui Dynasty and has a history of 1300 years. Zhao Zhouqiao is the first large-scale stone arch bridge with open shoulders in the world, and it is one of the most outstanding achievements of ancient architectural engineering in China. It was not until the middle of19th century that similar bridges appeared in Europe.
The longest Liang Shi bridge in the ancient world was Anping Bridge in Jinjiang, Fujian (built at1138-1151), with a total length of 2,700 meters.
13。 The first city in the world that was planned in advance and then built was Chang 'an, which was built in the Sui Dynasty in China.
14。 The earliest understanding of the alloy method in the world is recorded in China's ancient book "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji".
The book contains the famous green lead smelting formula "Six Gases" in the world metallurgical history, and points out the relationship between alloy properties and alloy formula composition for the first time. China also pioneered the process of smelting copper with bile water, which is the origin of hydrometallurgy in the world.
15。 China is the first country in the world to hydrometallurgy zinc. China had already smelted copper-zinc alloy-brass in the Song Dynasty at the latest. It was not until16th century that Europe knew that zinc was a metal. /kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, China's zinc smelting method was introduced to Europe, and Europe began the history of zinc smelting.
16。 The oldest astronomical clock in the world is a water transport instrument made in China in the Song Dynasty. It was made in 1088 under the leadership of Su Song. It is about 12 meter high. It can not only demonstrate and observe the astronomical phenomena, but also time and tell the time. Among them, the escapement device is about 600 years earlier than similar inventions in Europe.
17。 The earliest astronomical instrument in the world is the armillary sphere invented by our ancestors in the 4th century BC. Later, Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Mason Lee in the Tang Dynasty greatly improved the original armillary sphere. At one time, China's armillary sphere was the most advanced astronomical instrument in the world. In the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing further reformed and simplified the armillary sphere, and made a simple instrument in 1276, while it took Europe more than 300 years to get a similar equatorial instrument.
18。 China is the first country in the world to use decimal counting and calculation. Our ancestors used the decimal system more than 3000 years ago, and India has been here since written records.
Decimal numerical system began to be used in the 6th century, and "Indian Numbers" did not appear in Europe until the10th century, which was more than 2,000 years later than China.
19。 The most accurate mathematician in the world to calculate the ancient π data is Liu Hui in Wei and Jin Dynasties. His famous "circle-cutting method" is simpler than that of the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, and π=3 is calculated. 14 16。 After him, Zu Chongzhi in the Northern and Southern Dynasties pushed the approximate value of π to seven decimal places accurately, and his outstanding achievements have been ahead of the world for one thousand years.
20。 The earliest record of the surplus theorem in the world comes from China's mathematical monograph The Art of War in the 4th century. The theory of "large extension and seeking technique" put forward by Qin in Song Dynasty is an outstanding achievement in studying the remainder theorem. More than 500 years later, Euler and Gauss in Europe got the same result in18th century Qin.
2 1。 The earliest person who conducted optical experiments in the world was Mozi in China in the 5th century BC. He was a great scientist and philosopher in China at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Compared with scientists and philosophers in ancient Greece, his achievements in mathematics, physics and logic are even worse. His optical experiments came up with the concept that light reflects through a small hole, which is similar to the focus and center of a modern spherical mirror. His definition of circle, line and surface is the same as that of Euclid geometry, but it is 100 years earlier.
22。 The earliest synthetic method of chemical compounds in the history of chemistry in the world is alchemy recorded in the book Zhouyi Tongcanqi in the second century A.D., which decomposes red mercury sulfide into mercury by heating, and sublimates mercury and sulfur into red mercury sulfide by heating.
23。 Zhu Zaiyu, the first person in the world who founded the main theory of temperament, was founded half a century earlier than the same theory of European music theorist Melson in the Ming Dynasty in China.
24。 The country with the most complete record of ancient astronomical phenomena in the world is China. China recorded the earliest solar eclipse and Halley's comet in the Spring and Autumn Period, China compiled the world's earliest catalog in the Warring States Period, and sunspot observation was also the earliest in China.
25。 The earliest meteorometer in the world is the balance hygrometer invented by China in the 2nd century BC. It took Europe 1600 years to have a similar hygrometer.
26。 China is the first country to carry out gene breeding in the world. Long before Darwin, China's artificial breeding of improved varieties reached a fairly high level. Two thousand years ago, in the book "China Victory", the method of ear selection and breeding was recorded. This kind of record is the most in Qi Yaomin's Book in the 6th century, and it is widely used in livestock, poultry and crops.
27。 China is the first country in the world to add leap month to adjust the lunar calendar. Our ancestors founded the calendar system of Yin and Yang. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the method of 65438+7 leap in 2009 was used for the first time to adjust the lunar calendar very accurately, which was earlier than the Greek invented this method 100 years ago. The calendar used by China in the late Spring and Autumn Period is 365 years. Twenty-five days is a year, which is the most accurate value in the calendar in the world at that time, which is the same as the famous julian calendar promulgated by Caesar in Rome hundreds of years later. In Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing created and promulgated the time calendar, and the number of days per year was accurate to 365 days. 2425 days, the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but 300 years earlier than the latter.
28。 China was the first country in the world to compile cloud pictures. There are 132 cloud pictures in the "Three Lights of the White Ape" compiled by China14th century, all of which are marked with weather changes, but 16 cloud pictures did not appear until Europe18th century.
29。 The earliest monograph on phenology is Xia, which was written in the Warring States Period in China.
30。 It was China who pioneered acupuncture therapy and acupuncture anesthesia in the world. Acupuncture is a unique treatment method, which has a history of more than 3,000 to 4,000 years in China, and is famous for its simple operation, rapid curative effect, safety and reliability. Acupuncture therapy in all countries of the world was introduced from China. Acupuncture anesthesia is an important development of acupuncture therapy by medical workers in China in recent years, which has opened up a new way of anesthesiology.
3 1。 Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in China in the 2nd century A.D., was the first person in the world to operate with anesthetic. He invented a traditional Chinese medicine anesthetic called Mafei Powder, which was earlier than that invented by American Morton in 1846 1600 years.
32。 The earliest country in the world where paper money appeared was China. As early as the end of 10/the beginning of10/century, the banknotes named "Jiaozi" appeared in the Xianping period of Song Zhenzong, China (it is said that Jiaozi appeared in the Chunhua period of Song Taizong, earlier than Zhenzong). This kind of paper money appeared 700 years earlier than European and American countries.
33。 The first national pharmacopoeia in the world was the newly revised Materia Medica in the Tang Dynasty. In order to compile this Pharmacopoeia, the Tang government "widely distributed drugs in the world", collected drugs produced in various places, and ordered the drawing of physical maps. The newly revised Materia Medica has 54 volumes, which are divided into three parts: drug map, drug classics and materia medica, including 844 kinds of drugs.
34。 Traditional Chinese medicine in China is the first person in the world to classify drugs. There are contents about plant taxonomy in Chinese herbal medicine works of past dynasties, that is, Li Shizhen, a famous doctor in Ming Dynasty, was 17 years earlier than Linnai, a recognized plant taxonomist in Europe. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica is regarded as a great medical treasure house and encyclopedia of natural science in the world. It has been translated into more than ten languages and widely circulated all over the world.
35。 The earliest collection of poems in the world is China's The Book of Songs. It was produced in the early Zhou Dynasty (1 1 century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (6th and 7th centuries BC), and it was compiled in the 6th century BC with 305 poems, which reflected the life and production of the society and people at that time. 36。 The largest ancient encyclopedia in the world is China's Yongle Grand Ceremony. It's been over 500 years.
I finished an encyclopedia in the sixth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1408). Yongle Dadian compiled seven or eight thousand kinds of ancient books, which were collected all over the world from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. These include classics, history, philosophy, collection, classic interpretation, Taoist collection, medicine, drama, word, science and technology, agriculture and so on. The book * * * has 22,877 volumes and 60 volumes of contents, and it is bound into 11,095 volumes with 370 million words. Headed by Jie Jin, more than 3,000 literati participated in editing, usurping and plotting, which lasted for five years. Such a large scale of editing and so many works are rare in the history of world culture.
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1. China is the first country to grow rice and millet in the world.
China is the first country in the world to invent sericulture and silk weaving.
3. China has the longest history of painting in the world.
4. Kao, a monograph on handicrafts in the Warring States Period, described the design specifications and manufacturing processes of various handicrafts run by the State of Qi, which not only played an important role in the history of engineering technology development in China, but was also unique in the world at that time.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the softening treatment technology of cast iron created by our people was a great achievement in the history of iron smelting in the world, which was more than 2,000 years earlier than that in Europe.
6. The Spring and Autumn Annals recorded that "a satellite entered the Beidou" in 6 13 BC, which is recognized as the first exact record of Halley's comet in the world, more than 600 years earlier than Europe.
7. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the calendar in China has formed its own fixed system, and basically established the principle of 65438+7 leap in 2009, which is earlier than that in the west 160 years.
8. The Shi Gan Xing Jing in the Warring States Period was the earliest astronomical work in the world.
9. The plow wall was installed on the plow in the Western Han Dynasty, which was earlier than that in Europe 1000 years ago.
10. The sunspot records in the Western Han Dynasty are recognized as the earliest sunspot records in the world.
1 1. The seismograph invented and manufactured by Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, can measure the direction of earthquakes thousands of miles away, more than 700 years earlier than that made by Europeans.
12. The mathematical work Nine Chapters Arithmetic in Han Dynasty was the most advanced applied mathematical work in the world at that time.
13. Mafeisan was invented by Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the earliest anesthetic in the world, more than 600 years earlier than in the West.
14. China was the first country to invent paper, and papermaking was invented in the early Western Han Dynasty.
15. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties made pi accurate to seven decimal places, nearly a thousand years earlier than foreign countries.
16. The Grand Canal opened in the Sui Dynasty, with a total length of four or five thousand miles, is the earliest and longest Grand Canal in the world.
17. The Tang Dynasty was able to build the largest seagoing ship in the world at that time. When passing through the Persian Gulf, you have to change to a small boat, so it is known as the "overlord of the sea". Shipbuilding can use propellers to build warships, which is the earliest ship cone using mechanical power.
18. China was the first country in the world to invent printing. The Diamond Sutra, which was printed in the Tang Dynasty in 868, is the earliest existing block-printed version with exact date in the world.