They are no longer just discussing in articles like their predecessors, but are deeply pressed for time and demand that the court take immediate measures. Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in the summer of 190 1 to reform the contents of imperial examinations. People of insight believe that the reform of the imperial examination system has not solved the problem and will be abolished fundamentally sooner or later. 1903 in a letter said:
As long as the imperial examination is not abolished, schools will not flourish, scholars will never have real talents, and the country will never have talents to save the world. China will never prosper, that is, it will never be able to compete with other countries.
Who said these bold and decisive words? A beneficiary of the imperial examination system, Zhang Zhidong, a scholar in Tongzhi period, was led by Yuan Shikai, who was later disliked. So we discussed with the imperial court whether we could work out a compact timetable, so that the triennial imperial examinations would be reduced by one-third each time, and the reduced places would be reduced in ten years if they were added to new schools. It will take ten years to completely dissolve a system that has lasted for more than a thousand years. The speed is not slow, but people still can't wait. Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong said that the cultivation of talents is no better than others and cannot be delayed. If the imperial examination is abolished immediately and schools are set up, talents will have to wait for more than ten years. If we stop the imperial examination in ten years, we will have to wait for more than 20 years to train talents for the new school, and China will have to wait for more than 20 years-"We are surrounded by strong neighbors, how can we wait?" !
This time account is indisputable, and the imperial court issued an order to abolish the imperial examination in 1905. Therefore, it may be said that except for the hasty farewell in the first few years, the whole twentieth century has basically nothing to do with the imperial examination system.
Many things in the twentieth century were not summed up calmly because they ended in a hurry. After the abolition of the imperial examination system, it immediately became a pile of old rubbish reviled by everyone, and few people were willing to fiddle with it any more. Of course, the abuse is justified. There are dramas and Kong Yiji in children's textbooks, and there are Pipaji and Qin Xianglian on the opera stage all over the country, which makes the absurdity and ferocity of the imperial examination system frightening, and also makes students and audiences in the 20th century feel relaxed after getting rid of this system. However, it is obviously too rash to let these excellent and moving works of art replace the rational judgment of modern people on the whole imperial examination system.
The imperial examination system has been implemented in China for 1300 years, and it has been closely associated with the history of Chinese civilization from the Tang Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. As a direct result of the imperial examination, more than 100,000 scholars and more than one million juren were selected. This huge group, of course, will be mixed with many boring or despicable people, but on the whole, it is the basic team of China's successive officials, including a large number of outstanding politicians and administrative experts with high cultural literacy. Without them, there would not be some of the most important parts in China's history.
There is a popular saying that no one who was admitted to the top scholar in ancient times was learned, which seems to be not the case. It is a fact that more outstanding people get the opportunity, which is too special. But after all, there are a large number of top scholars such as Wang Wei, Liu Gongquan, He, Zhang Jiuling,,, Wen Tianxiang, Yang Shen, Kang Hai, Weng Tonghe and Zhang Jian, and it is incredible to say that they have no knowledge. This is just a top scholar. If we expand the scope to Jinshi, we will draw up a very spectacular talent list. In order to select these people, almost the whole China society has mobilized. This persistent mobilization has created the unique fate of countless China literati and the unique mentality of the general public, and has become an internal brand of the Chinese nation in group personality, which we can never dispel with a wave of our hands. In fact, some people were aware of many problems in the imperial examination system from the beginning, and many clever minds repeatedly thought, demonstrated, repaired and improved it, including Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo and Wang Anshi. They are famous in our literary world. I can't imagine that these cultural masters would be so stupid that they would practice absurdly.
The imperial examination system did more harm than good when it developed into Jin Fan and Kong Yiji era. However, this dramatic change in history is also very profound. Why has it changed dramatically? Is it possible to avoid it? How come all the efforts to repair have failed? These problems deserve our deep thought. The imperial examination was abolished at the beginning of the twentieth century, of course, its disadvantages were abolished, but has the social task it wanted to undertake from the beginning of its establishment been completely solved? Why do I always have a hunch that there are some topics buried here that are far from outdated?
In my library, there are not many monographs on this subject, so it is easy to find out one by one and study it in depth. The Book of Literati and Literature in the Tang Dynasty (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House), The Curious Tales of Imperial Examination by Lu Wei (Liaoning Education Publishing House), The History of Imperial Examination System by Zhang Heqiu (Zhonghua Bookstore), especially Fu Xuancong's thick book The Imperial Examination and Literature in the Tang Dynasty with Silver Stripes on a Blue Background (Shaanxi People's Publishing House), had many problems that people of insight at the beginning of the century had no time to think about or even discover. It's a little late for us to make up for it now, but it's not too late, and it's been a long time, and our attitude can be more calm.
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When it comes to the imperial examination system in ancient China, there is a common misunderstanding that needs to be eliminated, that is, it is essentially a civil servant selection system, not an examination system for literary creativity and classical interpretation. Knowing this, many complaints about it may be alleviated.
We can imagine, if it weren't for the imperial examination, how would ancient China choose its own officials? This is really a big problem in political science. No matter what regime or strategy, if there is no reliable and effective official network, it must be empty and fragile; But it is not enough to be reliable and effective, because it is better to choose an official than a craftsman. As long as any regime is not evil enough, it must take into account the public image of officials, convince the governed people, and let other officials and even political enemies have nothing to say, so it is necessary to seek or create a qualification for officials; It's enough trouble to do this. What is more troublesome is that China has such a vast territory and complicated political structure, and the number of officials needed is staggering. It is conceivable that it is difficult to weave so many officials into the same unified network; It is difficult to build a network, but because there are too many accidental factors involved, it will naturally change in the near future. After a long time, there will be an overall metabolism, so we must try to find the thread again and reconnect it ... This series of problems is so strongly placed in front of the emperor and all politicians who want to win Kyushu Island. All the problems finally come down to one point: there is no doubt that it is necessary to establish a widely recognized and long-term effective standard for selecting officials. Where is this specification?
Heredity is a kind of. This method is the simplest. The previous generation was an official, and the next generation continued to be an official. This method was basically adopted in the slave society of China, and later it was also partially implemented in the feudal society, which was called "En". The disadvantages of hereditary system are obvious. First, because leadership cannot be inherited, the problem of whether successors can use power as effectively as their predecessors has become more and more serious. Second, this transfer of power greatly reduced the power of the imperial court to appoint and remove officials and dispersed political control.
Hereditary emphasis on innate official qualification led to a dead end, so some feudal owners began to seek the acquired official qualification, which was mainly manifested in literary talent and martial arts. On weekdays, when you see a talent with a strategic attitude, you will raise him up. The family has gradually become a talent warehouse. When necessary, I appointed you an official position at once. This is called "raising a scholar". Some monarchs have thousands of diners at home. This method makes politicians and intellectuals of all ages feel a little moved, and they really want to raise or be raised, but there are many problems when they think about it carefully. Although diners and breeders are not related by blood, the relationship between feeding and being raised has actually become an extension of blood relationship. Those who raise officials mainly carry out the instructions of the breeders, so it is difficult to become honest managers, and society is likely to be chaotic because of them. What's more, the monarch's selection and maintenance of diners, both in terms of standards and assessment methods, are extremely arbitrary, far from all talents. As for rewarding officials with military force, it can only be regarded as a kind of reward, not the right way to choose officials, because as we all know, fighting and management are completely different. It is not uncommon for samurai to mistake their country. Talented Zhao Hui and talented Zhao Hui are everywhere.
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Golden sunshine, golden light, dazzling golden light, golden light, golden light.
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Luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous, luminous. br & gt
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Sunset, sunset, brilliant sunshine, radiant, Hui Jin's oblique view
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The afterglow is dazzling and colorful. A ray of sunshine.
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A red light and a glimmer of light rolled over the gold plate.
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The sky is full of red clouds and golden waves. The red sun is like a melting pot of boiling molten steel, and generate shines with dazzling golden light. & ltbr & gt
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In the morning, the sun is like a new wife who just went out, showing half her face shyly. & ltbr & gt
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The sun went down, and its exceptionally bright light came out from the treetops, dyeing white clouds and green hills red. & ltbr & gt
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Slowly, the sun shone through the clouds, revealing a face that had already swelled red, like a shy little girl looking at the earth. & ltbr & gt
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Brilliant sunshine permeates through the gaps between leaves, through the fog in the morning, and continuously spreads all over the campus. & ltbr & gt
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The sun is lower and red as blood. On the surface of the water, a striking broad light wave extends from the edge of the ocean to the side of the ship. & ltbr & gt
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The sky was dyed blood red by the sunset, pink clouds were reflected on the flowing water, the whole river turned purple, and the horizon seemed to light a fire. & ltbr & gt
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In spring, the sunshine is warm, and a warm hand is extended, which makes people feel comfortable all over. & ltbr & gt
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The spring breeze blew away the dark clouds, and the sun smiled happily, spreading warmth and brilliance all over the lake. & ltbr & gt
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The scorching sun hung high in the sky, red light hit the ground like a rocket, and the ground caught fire, reflecting the flame when the oil boiled. & ltbr & gt
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I dare not look up at the sun, but I feel dazzling everywhere. The air, the roof and the ground are all white and bright, with a little red in white. From top to bottom, it looks like a huge fire mirror, each of which is the focus of the fire mirror, as if everything were going to burn. & ltbr & gt
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It's late autumn, and the sun is lazily hanging in the sky, like an old man with a smiling face taking a nap. & ltbr & gt
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The sunshine in late autumn is like the orange lampshade on the quilt, which gives off soft light and shines on the body and face, which is warm. & ltbr & gt
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As soon as the sun comes to autumn, it scatters all the light to the world. Look, the fields are golden, the fields are golden, and the mountains are golden. & ltbr & gt
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The sun in winter is as pale as the moon. & ltbr & gt
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The sun was entangled in thin clouds and gave off a faint dazzling white light. & ltbr & gt
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The sun works hard all year round, and when it is busy in winter, it is exhausted and can hardly release heat. & ltbr & gt
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Warm sunshine, through the dense leaves, fell and became golden dots. & ltbr & gt
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The towering mountains in the distance, covered with golden coats in the sun, are particularly beautiful. & ltbr & gt
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Sunlight was filtered by layers of leaves and leaked to him, turning into a faint, round and gently swaying halo. & ltbr & gt
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It was already eight or nine o'clock in the morning, and the bright sunshine drew circles of gold and silver on the leaves. & ltbr & gt
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Sunlight shines on the white earth through weak clouds, reflecting silver light and dazzling. & ltbr & gt
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The golden sunshine poured down and poured into the blue waves, making the monotonous and calm sea surface somewhat colorful. & ltbr & gt
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When the bright red sun shines on the top of the mountain, the fog spreads like a curtain, and the city gradually appears in the golden sun. & ltbr & gt
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The sunlight penetrating through the clouds is like a golden thread, criss-crossing, splicing light gray and blue gray clouds into beautiful patterns. & ltbr & gt
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The sun has just risen to the top of the mountain, covered by the bright red morning glow, and the sun shines through the cracks in the clouds, like countless dragons spouting golden waterfalls. & ltbr & gt
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Golden sunlight shone through the cracks and sprinkled on the grass growing on the brown land. & ltbr & gt
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The sky is as blue as washing, and the bright sunshine shoots down from the dense gaps of pine needles, forming a thick beam of light, which casts a veil-like mist on the tree-lined trees. & ltbr & gt
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The smiling face of the sun is red, which makes the hazy campus suddenly enlightened. & ltbr & gt
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A purple glow appeared in the sky, like a red rose in full bloom. & ltbr & gt
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The newly rising sun is full of energy and red light, illuminating the whole world. & ltbr & gt
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The fiery red rising sun has just penetrated the sea level, adding a touch of rose to the beautiful and quiet sea. & ltbr & gt
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The morning light shines on the lake, and the breeze rises at the beginning, and the fine waves jump, stirring the lake to pieces of gold. & ltbr & gt
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Suddenly, a red sun rose head-on, emitting golden light, like golden stripes, driving away clouds. & ltbr & gt
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A red sun jumped out of the sea, bright and dazzling. The sea water and air immediately filled with Hui Jin, and the sea water changed from dark blue to blue. & ltbr & gt
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The golden morning sun gradually dyed the eastern sky red, and the peak of Huangshan Mountain was dyed deep red by brilliant clouds. & ltbr & gt
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The morning glow faces the sun, revealing a red face. In an instant, ten thousand golden lights dyed the water surface with a layer of carmine through the treetops. & ltbr & gt
Good words, sentences and paragraphs describing mountains
anonymous
good news
Mountains, mountains, strange mountains, barren hills, slopes, forests
There are many kinds of rocks in Yibiwan Mountain in Qian Shan. Beautiful mountains and clear waters, high mountains and lush trees, valleys and mountains, water and green.
There are beautiful peaks on the summit, and nothing grows. The clouds are rolling and the peaks stand tall. Towering mountains stand in the Qianshan Wanling.
Good sentence
The mountains exposed from the clouds are floating in clusters like islands.
The surrounding mountains are like a colorful cloth.
The mountains and waves are stacked on top of each other.
The mountains are dark and boundless, and the knives and axes are indomitable.
The undulating loess hills are really like the waves of a big flood.
Longshan is like a big grave, standing in the night.
The mountains on both sides of the Xiajiang River go straight up and down, which makes people dizzy.
The deep valley is strangely quiet and cold.
The ravine is full of snow, as high as the back of the mountain, and it has become a flat snow paved square.
At the beginning of the morning, the mountains are like shy girls, looming and the sun is setting.
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Standing here, it's strange that the mountain has changed. Their shapes are very different from those seen from the plains or mid-levels. They become very layered, messy, majestic and strange. Look up, the mountain is the sky, and the sky is also the mountain. It seems that your nose can touch the mountain at any time.