Section 2 Qing Dynasty
First of all, the palace
(A) the early Qing court ban
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, when Beijing established its capital, it inherited the original anti-smoking thought and policy, and there were strict anti-smoking regulations in the court. Wang Shihan's "Golden Lu Si", in the second year of Qianlong (1737), stipulated in the statutes of the Qing Dynasty:
In the Forbidden City, warehouses, temples and other places, civil and military officials who ate cigarettes were dismissed and their aides were flogged for two months, flogging 100. People's grievances are forty boards and flow for three thousand miles. In addition, the ministers and guards who ate cigarettes in the Forbidden City sent gatekeepers and guards to investigate and were caught. In addition to the usual punishment, they were given a month's salary according to their official position. Those who followed him were punished as usual, and they also got a salary from the Iraqi Lord every month. If you can't get it from the military school, you can go to the military school and you are not allowed to exchange it. You can whip one hundred and flail for two months. Guards can't take it, flogging one hundred and flailing for five months. As usual, the idle deacon got a hundred lashes.
Emperor Kangxi Michelle Ye didn't smoke, and he didn't like others to smoke.
Li's "Light Ink Record", Volume 6, records a passage that Kangxi said during his southern tour and in Texas: "I have never been good at wine. I can drink a catty, so I don't have to. The most hateful thing is smoking. Did the ministers see me smoking in the paddock? Every time I see a minister eating secretly in the governor's house, I feel sick and exhausted. Not only do I not eat cigarettes, but Taizong, Taizong and Shizu have never eaten cigarettes, so I hate people who eat cigarettes the most. "
Jiang Chenxi Fengchi Collection? De Shui Gong Ji's Poem praises this matter:
"Lan Bing pulp, banquet has been deep. The Yaochi banquet is over, and no fireworks are allowed. "
During the Kangxi period, there were thousands of boxes of cigarettes donated by North Korea, but Michelle Ye ordered them. At that time, the Hanlin Academy commented on You Dong's poems: "Please look at Korean species in ten thousand boxes, and don't allow the palace to be close to the supreme."
In the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Zhang Wenbin, the minister, saw the ministers and guards of Ganqingmen smoking without restraint and asked the emperor to issue a decree prohibiting smoking in the palace: "The relationship between fire and charcoal in the palace is very important. Smokers are always forbidden. Although they were forbidden to quit smoking at that time, they started smoking again after a long time. Today you can see the ministers, guards and eunuchs of Ganqingmen. Minister, etc. They are used to teaching guards, and the eunuchs in charge are not bound by eunuchs. Ministers, guards, officials, Bai Tanga and other people who smoke at will and have no discipline. Ministers and other department heads should follow the example of quitting smoking and strictly restrain them. Now it's their subordinates who smoke cigarettes. They don't think so. So the rest is ignored. Although there were smokers in the past, they still smoked secretly, but today, regardless of windy days, they smoke casually, which is of great significance. Smoking is forbidden in the Forbidden City, so smoking is forbidden inside and outside Gan Qing. Ask the Lord to give orders to the ministers in charge of guards and eunuchs. And people who forbid smoking. "
Although it lasted for a long time, the smoking ban in Gong Yan was tight and loose in the Qing Dynasty, and then it was abolished with the abandonment of the smoking ban policy.
(b) Debate between ministers on smoking ban and anti-smoking.
During the period of Kang and Gan in Qing Dynasty, court ministers had a heated debate on prohibition and anti-prohibition. Emperor Qianlong once instructed to convene a meeting of princes and Jiuqing to discuss. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), Fang Bao, assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, wrote a letter prohibiting the cultivation of cigarettes and soju, and then put forward the second and third miscellaneous words with the same content. He said in the third Zagreb of "Please forbid shochu to grow cigarettes":
"As for the corn with reduced tobacco planting, compared with the consumption of shochu, it is also 67/ 10, and it is not difficult to ban it. ..... but the eternal prohibition, if you don't destroy the cooking pot, don't cancel the tax on alcohol and tobacco, that's not the final solution. ..... In addition to banning alcohol and smoking, how can we grow a variety of corn? ..... As for increasing revenue and reducing expenditure, it is a common experience that the holy king has made millet in full swing since ancient times. Half of the good fields have become smoke gardens, half of the beauty of grains has become rotten spots, and the days of folk storage are less; If there is a flood and drought disaster, I will shudder at the thought of spending tens of millions to help millions of poor people ... "
In the second year of Qianlong, the imperial court held a big debate on prohibition of alcohol and smoking. Fang Bao's idea was attacked by Sun Jiagan, the official minister, and Yin Jishan, the governor of the two rivers. After Fang Bao wrote to Emperor Qianlong, Sun Jiagan made a statement, and the other party's proposal to ban smoking was refuted. The emperor "discussed two opinions with the king, ministers and Jiuqing", and then held a "Jiuqing meeting" to discuss the prohibition of alcohol and smoking. At this meeting, the anti-smoking faction and the anti-smoking faction respectively stated their respective advantages and disadvantages, and launched a tit-for-tat debate, with most opponents. Fang Bao himself admitted that at this meeting, "what should not be banned is nine times out of ten." In the memorial, Sun Jiagan accused Fang Bao of being empty talk: "When I was reading" Mansion Copy ",I saw that Fang Bao, the assistant minister, had put forward this proposal before, and further expanded it, hoping to ban all northern and southern provinces forever. It is also said that Zhili has banned cooking for half a year, and Shandong has not relaxed the ban so far. The people of the two provinces have not heard that it is sick. I also want to ban tobacco planting, pull out their seedlings and blame others ... set up a fruit smoking ban and count all those who violate the law and go bankrupt within one year ... If people are happy that tobacco and alcohol can be banned forever, I really dare not say. "
Gan Long commented on Sun Jiagan's memorial: "If this is a discussion, it has a lot to do with the national system, and I will consider it myself."
Emperor Qianlong was still asked by his ministers to ban smoking in his later years, but his attitude towards tobacco was more open. Sixty years after Qianlong's reign (1795), he gave instructions in the book "Please Prohibit Steaming Wine" by Governor Jiang of Yunnan: "Folk brewing and tobacco planting are everywhere, and it is difficult to ban them. In the past, there was an old saying in the scientific and technological circles that it was forbidden to grow cigarettes, so it was handed over to the Ministry for discussion. "
Zhou Shijie demanded that smoking be banned.
During the Jiaqing period, the government no longer intervened in the cultivation and smoking of tobacco among the people, but at that time, there were calls for smoking bans from time to time in the ruling and opposition parties.
In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Zhou Shijie, a student of Jiangsu Jiansheng (imperial academy), presented two memorials, one of which was "No smoking, please cultivate farmland extensively". He said in the paper:
"Today's farmland is famous for its variety, but it is secular and mainly tobacco. So people who grow tobacco are crossing the road. Please plant an acre of tobacco and switch to grain. Offenders will be allowed to abandon local soldiers and civilians, and offenders will be punished. People of all skin colors will be banned from eating cigarettes and vendors, opening tobacco shops and eating tobacco utensils, and vendors will be convicted of previous crimes. "
Emperor Jiaqing read this note and then wholesale it to the military for approval. The army refuted Zhou Shijie's paper and reported it to Emperor Jiaqing. It is said that "the paragraphs have been implemented, and the rest of Chen's arguments are positive and negative, mostly false and ancient, and the criminal law is harsh and troublesome, not the old chapter." Furthermore, it is refuted that "it is important to check trees, but it is not enough for the people to eat tobacco and cultivate land for a day, and it is not enough to harm farmers." There is no point in worrying about things that are disdainful and forbidden. Should not be discussed. "
On June 17th, Jiaqing four years, Zhou Shijie presented an imperial edict:
"Speak ill of national politics with all the students, pointing to Chen's strengths and weaknesses, full of empty talk, and even making trouble with Lao Zhang, and treating him with strict methods and careful politics should have deserved it. I don't want to offend people with words when I say it ... But Zhou Shijie is humble, blasphemous and ill-timed, so he sent Guo Jian Zi to Feichun to be bound by local officials and not to go out to make trouble. Be lenient when you send it along the way, so you don't have to escort it according to the example of sending it. "
Emperor Jiaqing's handling of Zhou Shijie's petition to ban smoking marked a fundamental change in the tobacco policy of the Qing Dynasty, and the voice for banning smoking became lower and lower.