Understand the historical facts such as the establishment of the cabinet in the Ming Dynasty and the Ministry of War in the Qing Dynasty, and understand the influence of the strengthening of the autocratic monarchy on the social development of China.
Second, the teaching objectives
[Knowledge and ability]
1, the waste province has three divisions; The abolition of the prime minister is divided into six parts.
2. Remember the political system changes in the early Qing Dynasty; The establishment of the military department.
3. Understand the formation and development of cabinet system in Ming Dynasty.
4. Understand the difference between cabinet system and prime minister system.
5. Understand the basic concepts of China's ancient political system: Cabinet and Military Department, and analyze and evaluate them in combination with the specific historical background and historical stage characteristics, so as to cultivate students' dialectical thinking ability.
6. Multi-angle analysis of the influence of centralization in Ming and Qing Dynasties to strengthen and improve absolutism on China's social development, and cultivate students' ability to analyze historical issues with historical materialism.
7. Grasp the evolution trend of China's ancient political system and its positive effect on the society at that time.
[Process and method]
1, guide students to read textbooks and gradually master the methods of reading historical materials.
2. By comparing the differences between cabinet system and prime minister system, master the methods of comparative analysis of historical issues.
[Emotional attitudes and values]
1. Through learning this lesson, I realized that the strengthening of the autocratic monarchy system in Ming and Qing Dynasties not only contributed to the consolidation of a multi-ethnic country, but also brought serious negative effects and hindered the progress of China society.
2. Through the study of this lesson, I realized that the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties was one of the reasons why China was backward and invaded in modern times, which encouraged students to work hard for the prosperity of the motherland and cultivated their patriotism.
Third, teaching material analysis
Authoritarianism centralization is the dominant political system in China feudal society. This system developed continuously in Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, and reached its peak in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming dynasty, the abolition of books saved the prime minister, and the cabinet system was the central auxiliary government agency; In Qing Dynasty, the Cabinet and the Military Department were the central auxiliary administrative organs to assist the emperor in handling military affairs. The Six Departments of Ming and Qing Dynasties are central government departments, responsible for state affairs and directly under the emperor. The integration of imperial power and relative power made the imperial power reach its peak, and also made China lag far behind the western countries in politics.
Emphasis: Measures to strengthen absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Difficulties: the difference between cabinet system and prime minister system; The influence of strengthening absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing dynasties
Fourth, teaching methods.
1, according to the curriculum standards and relying on the teaching materials, add, take, discard and integrate the teaching materials appropriately.
2. The narrative content of the textbook is clear, which can be briefly described, focusing on students' reading.
3. Cultivate students to learn and use historical materials. Materials include historical materials and current affairs materials added by the teacher according to the theme, as well as various pictures. It is hoped that in the process of studying historical materials, students will further realize that historical materials are an important way to understand history and know how to use what they have learned to analyze materials.
4. Constantly temper historical thinking in communication. For example, students discuss the question: "The influence of authoritarian centralization in the history of China is enormous. Can you objectively evaluate it with historical facts? " Wait a minute.
Preparation of teaching AIDS for verbs (abbreviation of verb)
multimedia courseware
Sixth, the teaching process.
[import]
Courseware display: (create problem situations to stimulate interest in learning)
1. Why did China's prime minister system, which lasted for more than 1000 years, be abolished in the Ming Dynasty? What kind of influence has it had?
After the abolition of the Prime Minister in the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu deeply felt that "one person can rule the world without an assistant minister?" What measures did he take to this end? What system was formed later?
What is the essential difference compared with the prime minister system?
3. The establishment of Yong Zhengdi Military Department in Qing Dynasty meant that the absolute monarchy reached its peak. How to understand this?
4. What influence did the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties have on the development of China's history? Let students know the position of Ming and Qing Dynasties in China history and the far-reaching influence of their political system on the historical development of China from a higher perspective. )
[teaching new lessons]
Thinking: Why did the Ming and Qing Dynasties strengthen the absolute monarchy as never before?
Background: The feudal society in China began to enter the later period, the ruling class became more decadent and social contradictions became more acute.
Objective: To stabilize and consolidate the feudal rule.
First, the Ming Dynasty: the strengthening of absolute monarchy
Ask a classmate to sum up what measures Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, took to strengthen centralization.
Measures of Ming dynasty
At the local level, Ming Taizu has abolished the Ministry of Books and set up three departments (Chief Secretary, General Command and Provincial Justice Department) to be responsible for local administration, military affairs and supervision, which are subordinate to the Central Department.
In the central government, the system of "Zhongshu Province" and "Prime Minister" (borrowing the power of Prime Minister Hu) was abolished, and the power was divided into six parts.
(Display material:)
Later generations became emperors, and no prime minister was allowed. If my lieutenant dares to invite them to play, the civil and military officials will play illegally at once, and all the prisoners will be executed.
-Ming Taizu's "The First Chapter of Ming Chengzu Xun"
All my children and grandchildren are obedient to my life, and those who are not smart have become laws, and I can't change a word.
-Ming Taizu "Ming Zuxun emperor? foreword
Please think about it: How do you think this regulation in Ming Taizu should be evaluated? State your reasons.
(Please also contact P 17 "Historical Vision")
Commentary: This is the famous "Hu case" in history. The prime minister can play a dual role in the centralization of feudal society in China: he can assist the emperor, help him handle government affairs and make confidential decisions; It may also threaten the monarchy because of excessive power, leading to profound contradictions between the monarch and the minister. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang's prime minister Hu was the latter. From here, we can also understand why Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to abolish Zhongshu Province and the Prime Minister, in fact, he concentrated the central power on the emperor. In the history of China, the prime minister system that had been implemented for more than 500 years was finally abolished, and the autocratic imperial power reached its peak.
As we have said, the prime minister has a positive role in assisting the emperor, participating in decision-making and separating government. Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister system in order to solve the contradiction between monarch and minister once and for all. But after the waste phase, its positive effect naturally disappeared. What are the consequences of this?
All state affairs must be handled by Ming Taizu alone. These are military affairs, and there can be no negligence. As we mentioned in the text, Ming Taizu corrected more than 200 complaints and handled more than 400 state affairs every day within eight days. He doesn't have so much energy to deal with so many national affairs. Therefore, he established the Diange University as his entourage adviser to establish the cabinet system.
(Print out the form)
The establishment and evolution of cabinet in Ming dynasty;
Characteristics of period names and permissions
During the Ming Taizu period, Diange University was only set up as an adviser and associate professor of the emperor, with a lower rank and did not participate in decision-making.
During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, the cabinet was established, participated in military affairs discussions, and its status gradually rose, with special offices and subordinate officials.
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, the "draft" to deal with the opinions of the ruling and opposition parties became more important, and the six ministries almost became subordinate institutions of the cabinet.
Through the window of study and the difference between the prime minister system and the cabinet system, students can better understand the cabinet system.
P 18 window of learning and thinking
Some scholars, taking Zhang as an example, think that the cabinet records in Ming Dynasty are prime ministers. Do you think this view is correct?
At the same time, a historical data is given:
In the Ming dynasty, the country did not formally take power with cabinet ministers, and those who played with cabinet ministers could not help but gain power by shady means. This is a "power minister", not a "minister". Therefore, although it is like Zhang's fame and fortune, it has its decline and disadvantages, because there are several capable ministers in the Ming Dynasty, and it can't escape the public discussion. -Qian Mu's Outline of National History
Thinking: What is the difference between the prime minister system and the cabinet system?
From the previous study, we can know that under the prime minister system, the prime minister is endowed with decision-making power by the system and his position is very stable. Qian Mu is a famous historian in China. In the Outline of National History, he said, "The country is not officially ruled by cabinet ministers, and those who play power with cabinet ministers will inevitably get it by shady means." He told us that the cabinet was only an advisory body of the emperor's attendants and had no decision-making power itself. Although there is a phenomenon that the cabinet university is in power, its power comes not from the system and position, but from the personal support and trust of the supreme ruler. Once out of favor, their status will plummet. Therefore, although some people think that the record of the Ming Dynasty is a disguised reset of the prime minister, their power is not the same as that of the previous prime minister, let alone restricting the imperial power. It can be seen that the cabinet system and the prime minister system are different. Cabinet system is the product of the strengthening of autocratic monarchy, and it is impossible to really restrict imperial power. )
Although the Ming Dynasty strengthened the absolute monarchy, it was inevitably overthrown by the peasant uprising and replaced by the Qing Dynasty. Which nationality is the main body of the Qing Dynasty? The Qing Dynasty was established with Manchu nobles as the main body and followed the autocratic monarchy system, which reached its peak on the basis of the Ming Dynasty. Let's take a look at how the absolute monarchy of the Qing Dynasty reached its peak step by step.
Second, the absolute monarchy reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty.
Role-playing, with the teacher as Huang Taiji, introduces students to some situations when they are in power. I (Huang taiji) set up the cabinet mainly to imitate the system of the Ming Dynasty, but the cabinet was mainly responsible for drafting the throne and had no real power. The central administrative organizations that played a major role at that time were the Council of Ministers and the Council of Ministers. Whenever there is a meeting, I will call the owners of the Eight Banners to discuss military issues. But at this meeting, many things are decided by the Eight Banners, and I can't do it alone. So, I think my imperial power is still limited. Although I am the emperor, I still have to listen to the decision made at Wang's meeting. Next, students will play Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi, and introduce some information about administration to students.
According to the students' answers, the teacher makes a summary. )
Nurhachi ordered the Eight Banners to govern the country.
Huang taiji set up Wang to discuss military affairs; Set up a cabinet and six departments to draft documents.
Emperor Kangxi set up the south study room, selected a bachelor's degree from imperial academy, participated in the maintenance and drafted the edict. The Cabinet, the King's Conference and the South School are three pillars, which restrict each other.
Yong Zhengdi set up a military department, elected officials closely related to Manchu and Han as military ministers, discussed military affairs, and knelt down to accept written orders. Wang Zhihui, the south study room existed in name only (later revoked), the cabinet also existed in name only, and the absolute monarchy reached its peak.
Brief introduction of military departments (using illustrations and P 19 materials)
Yongzheng years, in the northwest. On the grounds that the cabinet was outside the Taihe Gate, he was worried about the disclosure of secrets, so he set up a quartermaster room in Longzongmen. Three years later, it was renamed the Military Department. The biggest feature of the military department can be summarized in three words: simple, fast and confidential. Jane is a very simple organization employee, unlike a cabinet employee. No more than thirty or forty people work in the military department. Speed means efficiency. Everything in the military department is handled by the minister and Zhang Jing. The emperor has a purpose to undertake at any time, and it must be completed on the same day. There is also a system of "mailing", which is directly distributed by the Ministry of War. It uses "flying at once", with a daily journey of 300 miles, or marked with a journey of 45600 miles, which reduces many intermediate links and speeds up the work. Finally, it is a secret. The military headquarters is located in the Imperial Palace, and there is little external interference. Foreign officials are not allowed to enter. When the emperor summoned the minister of military affairs, even eunuchs were not allowed to be by. Most importantly, in the military department, military affairs are completely decided by the emperor, and the role of the military affairs minister is only to upload and issue orders. The military and political power was completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor, so the absolute monarchy developed to the extreme.
Why did the absolute monarchy reach its peak with the establishment of the military department?
Commentary: Let's recall that in the Qin Dynasty, the three fairs headed by the prime minister presided over the highest government affairs of the country. In the Han dynasty, the emperor appointed attendants, secretaries and other aides around him to form a "China-DPRK" decision-making body to counter the "foreign Korea" composed of three officials and nine ministers headed by the prime minister. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the prime minister was executed by the governors of the three provinces and many others, so the power of the prime minister was scattered among many people. The Ming dynasty abolished the prime minister and established a cabinet. However, the power of cabinet ministers depends entirely on the trust and support of the emperor. Then in the Qing Dynasty, the military ministers of the military departments became 100% tools of the emperor's dictatorship, and the military ministers only obeyed the emperor's orders. Their role is only to upload and give orders, and they will do whatever the emperor says. Power is completely concentrated in the hands of the emperor, and everything is decided by the emperor. Then through the comparison with the previous dynasties, we can see that the imperial power was strengthened step by step, and in the Qing Dynasty, the absolute monarchy reached its peak.
Analysis: What impact has the continuous strengthening of imperial autocracy had on China society?
Type the material at the same time:
"China's absolutism ... armed itself with its own chains has become even more cruel. Therefore, China is an autocratic country. His principle is terror. In previous dynasties, the territory was not so vast, and the autocratic spirit of the government may be slightly worse; But today's situation is just the opposite. " -Montesquieu's On the Spirit of Law
(Guidance: What happened in the West at that time compared with the feudal social form in China? What kind of progressive ideas have emerged? And what happened in China at that time? )
Abstract: When China's absolute monarchy reached its peak, the western world had initially established a modern democratic system on the basis of power restriction and checks and balances, thus entering the modern society politically and opening the way for the great development of productive forces. However, China's highly centralized monarchy has seriously stifled social creativity and slowed down the pace of social development. Absolute monarchy is one of the main reasons why China lags behind the West in modern times.
[Summary of this lesson]
Summarize the development and evolution of China's ancient political system.
The political system in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a combination of hereditary system, enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system. In the Qin Dynasty, the centralization of autocracy was consolidated in the Han Dynasty, perfected in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, strengthened in the Northern Song Dynasty, developed in the Yuan Dynasty, and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In this development process, firstly, the central administrative organs were continuously reformed, especially the rights of prime ministers were weakened and the emperor's control over the central government was strengthened; Secondly, we should constantly reform local administrative institutions and strengthen the central government's strict jurisdiction over localities, especially border areas.
Then we say that this system adapted to the small-scale peasant economy in the society at that time and also played some positive roles in the society at that time. Politically, this system is conducive to the establishment, consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic country. During the more than two thousand years from the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, various ethnic groups in China have been constantly communicating and integrating, their territory has been continuously expanded, and authoritarianism has been constantly strengthened, which is beneficial to national unity and territorial integrity to some extent. Economically, this system has created a peaceful and stable social environment and can effectively organize manpower, material resources and financial resources to carry out large-scale economic construction and production activities. For example, some large-scale water conservancy projects, such as Lingqu built in Qin Dynasty and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal built in Sui Dynasty, were all organized by the state at that time. Besides these, under this highly centralized system, the administrative efficiency is also very high. This system is very effective in correcting the disadvantages of the previous dynasty and improving the efficiency of local affairs. Judging from the change of feudal dynasties, a newly established ruler often absorbs the disadvantages of the previous dynasty and makes great efforts to govern it, so there are often prosperous times in the early stage of the new dynasty, such as the rule of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, the prosperity of Kaiyuan and the prosperity of Kanggan in the Qing Dynasty. In other words, this system still has a lot to do with the personal quality and ability of the rulers. If ruled by a tyrant or a bad king, the system will rot.
In the late feudal society, the negative side dominated. At this time, a high degree of absolute monarchy has greatly hindered the progress of society and the growth of capitalism. At that time, many western countries established bourgeois political system through bourgeois revolution and reform, which effectively promoted social progress and productivity development. Since then, the pace of social development in China has lagged far behind that in the West, thus laying the groundwork for passive beatings in the future.
[consolidation exercise]
1. The fundamental purpose of abolishing Zhongshu Province and Prime Minister in Ming Dynasty is [C]
A. We should eliminate powerful ministers. B. Solve the contradiction between the central and local governments.
C. Completely resolve the conflict between imperial power and relative power D. Reform the central power system
2. The symbol of the development of autocratic imperial power to the peak is [C]
A. Abolish Zhongshu Province and Prime Minister B. Establish Cabinet
C. the establishment of the Ministry of military affairs D. the establishment of the Wang conference.
3. The institutions responsible for local administration in Ming Dynasty are: [A]
A. Chief Secretary B. Province C. Inspection Office D. Command Office
4. The main measures taken by Emperor Kangxi to strengthen imperial power: [A]
A. set up a south study room B. set up a ministerial meeting C. set up a cabinet D. set up a military department.
5. The negative factors of centralization gradually increased in the late feudal society of our country, mainly because: [D]
An autocratic imperial power, arbitrary, decision-making mistakes are inevitable.
B. All officials, big and small, are obedient, which encourages the conformism of officialdom.
The expansion of bureaucracy leads to the prevalence of bureaucracy and corruption.
D it has greatly hindered the progress of society and the growth of capitalism.
6. The cabinet system was formally established in: [B]
A. Ming Taizu B. Ming Chengzu C. Ming Xuanzong D. Ming Shenzong
7. The essential problem reflected by the unprecedented strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties is [B]
A. the feudal political system was further improved. Feudalism is in decline.
C. the economic base is compatible with the superstructure. D. class contradictions and contradictions within the ruling class are sharp.
8. Ming Taizu and Song Taizu's centralized measures are most similar in [B].
A. Abolishing the Prime Minister B. Changing and decentralizing local institutions and powers
C. Abolish the former national administrative divisions D. Cultural autocracy
9. Read the following materials
Military plan, I don't want to care. Gan Yong 180 years later, Wei Ming sent it to the army, not to the cabinet, but to the ruling government.
-"chronological order of military ministers of Qing dynasty"
Please answer
What institution is the "grand plan of the army" mentioned in the materials? What is the essence of its establishment? Try to explain why.
Military department; Essence: The establishment of the military department marks the peak of China's feudal autocratic imperial power.
Reason: After the establishment of the Military Department, it gradually replaced the functions and powers of the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers in charge of discussing state affairs. However, when the military affairs minister was summoned by the emperor, he had to kneel down and record, and he was completely obedient to the emperor. All military affairs were decided by the emperor.
10. Since the Prime Minister was abolished in the Ming Dynasty, why should a cabinet be established? After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the power of the cabinet became more and more powerful. Did it endanger the imperial power? Why?
The abolition of the Prime Minister in the early Ming Dynasty drew lessons from the autocratic power and frequent civil strife in the Yuan Dynasty. After that, the University of Diange was set up, because there were many government affairs, and it was impossible for the emperor to rule one by one. Moreover, the rank of Diange University is low, and it only works as a consultant assistant and does not participate in decision-making. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, although the power of the cabinet became more and more powerful, it could help the emperor to draft the official reply to the memorial, but whether his reply counted or not still depended on the emperor's Zhu Pi. Therefore, the establishment of the cabinet did not endanger the imperial power.
[Assessment in this lesson]
1. Why did Ming Taizu abolish the Prime Minister and set up a cabinet?
Answer hint: the prime minister system hindered the high concentration of imperial power. Ming Taizu consolidated its rule. On the abolition of the prime minister system from Hu and the case. In order to reduce the heavy government burden of the emperor, a cabinet was set up to assist the emperor in handling government affairs. )
2. Why is it that the establishment of the Ministry of War in the Qing Dynasty brought the absolute monarchy to its peak?
(Answer: During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the central organs were the Cabinet, the State Council and the Southern Study Room, which restricted each other and inhibited the centralization of the emperor to some extent. Yong Zhengdi set up another military department, and the military affairs minister knelt down to take notes, and the absolute monarchy reached its peak. )
[learning extension]
Write a short paper about the influence of the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Qing Dynasty on the social development of China.
Content of the paper: the characteristics of the autocratic monarchy system in China feudal society; The strengthening of absolute monarchy has had an impact on the politics, economy, ideology and culture of China society. Compared with the development trend of the world political system in the same period.