(A) the concept of books
UNESCO defines a book as: any printed matter with more than 49 pages, excluding the front cover and back cover, published by a publishing house (enterprise), with a specific title and author's name and an international standard book number, is called a book.
Books are works recorded on certain forms of materials with words or other information symbols for the purpose of spreading knowledge. Books are the product of human social practice, and they are a specific and developing tool for knowledge dissemination.
The word "book" first appeared in Shi Ji Xiao Shijia. When Liu Bang invaded Xianyang, "He Du first received the imperial script of the Prime Minister of Qin. Pei Gong is Hanwang. What is the Prime Minister? ... Hanwang knows the world, how many accounts are there, how strong and weak, and how can the people suffer? " The "book" here refers to maps and documents, which is different from the book we are talking about today. Further exploration of the origin of the word "book" can be traced back to the allusion of "the river draws a picture and Luo draws a book" recorded in the Book of Changes, which reflects the close relationship between the picture and the word. Although it is a myth and legend, it shows the fact that words originated from pictures. Pictures and words are really closely linked. The ancients called various forms of writing "calligraphy" and the method of writing was "calligraphy". The word "book" is also used as a verb in writing, such as "too many books to write", "too many books to write" and "too many books to write". Later, the "book" was further extended to all written records. Such as letters, documents, torture books, imperial edicts, alliance books and so on. With the development of history, people's understanding of books is constantly changing. Today, people no longer call all written records "books". For example, documents, letters, imperial edicts and league books, although all with the word "book", are not within the scope of books. China's ancient records, most of which are memorable, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, all belong to this category. Their function is mainly to help memory, so as to refer to it when necessary, and their nature is equivalent to the archives of later generations. Later, people realized from practice that these recorded materials can be turned into tools to sum up experience and impart knowledge. Therefore, works aimed at imparting knowledge and being read by people have appeared. In this way, the word book has gained a relatively new and narrow meaning. Later, any written record that is not aimed at spreading experience, imparting knowledge and reading for people is not a book; With the development of productive forces and social progress, people began to consciously use words to publicize ideas and spread knowledge, and at the same time gradually formed a book system, and documents dealing with daily affairs formed a document system. As a result, books and archives gradually separated.
In ancient China, people gave different definitions to books. For example, from the content of the book, there are: "six hundred schools, the general name of the book" ("preface to the history"). From the point of view of book style, it is considered that "it was written in a book named bamboo and silk" (Preface to Explaining Words). Obviously, these definitions are the products of the times, based on the actual situation at that time, and it is impossible to make a comprehensive summary of the future development. However, the above definition has correctly revealed the content and formal characteristics of books at that time, and "book" as a specific concept is different from the original written records. After thousands of years of evolution, the scope of knowledge as the content of books has expanded, the methods of description and expression have increased, and the material carriers and production methods used have also changed many times. As a result, various types of books, writing methods, carriers, book systems and various modes of production have emerged. All these have prompted people to have a more systematic and clear concept of books.
Until today, books are divided into broad and narrow sense. In real life, we are often late for some interesting phenomena: for the concepts of "library" and "library and information work", "book" is a broad sense, which refers to all kinds of reading materials, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, epigraphy rubbings, hand-scrolls, contemporary publications, newspapers, and even audio-visual materials, simple emblem films (volumes), machine-readable catalogues and other new technology products; In the practical work of library and information institutions, people should compare books with periodicals, newspapers, scientific and technological reports, technical standards, audio-visual materials, microforms and so on. , but there are differences. When the former is different from the latter, the scope of the book is greatly reduced, which is the narrow sense of "book".
(2) the elements that make up a book
From bamboo slips to today's books, no matter how their forms and contents change, as long as they are carefully investigated and analyzed, we can see that they all have the following elements:
1. Knowledge and information should be disseminated.
2. There should be text and image signals to record knowledge.
3. There should be a material carrier for recording text and image signals.
4. The production technology and craft of books are also the basic conditions for producing books.
(3) Types of books
Books are divided into social science books and natural science books according to disciplines. According to the language, it is divided into Chinese and foreign languages. Divided into: ordinary books and reference books according to their uses.
(D) the characteristics of books
Compared with other publications, the characteristics of books are: 1. The content is systematic, comprehensive, mature and reliable; 2. The publishing cycle is long and the information transmission speed is slow.
(5) Types of books
According to the contents of this book:
novel
readings for children
Non-fiction
Professional books
reference book
guidebook
book list
drama
report
diary
collect books
Photography and painting collection
According to the characteristics of this book:
Line-mounted plate
clothbound
paperback
wallet
E-books/e-books/e-books
audiobook
Blind book
The book code is foreign and real.
This is a publishing technical term, which is not used in other industries. "Code" refers to quantity, "foreign" represents "money" and "foreign code" refers to "how much money". The books and periodicals of each book list the pricing composed of Arabic numerals (codes) and monetary units (foreign currencies), and multiply them to get the total pricing, the pricing of a book or the total pricing of a batch of books, and the monetary amount is commonly known as foreign currencies. "code ocean" is a word used by book publishing and distribution departments, which refers to the total price of all books, mainly pointing out the sum of edition prices. The book publishing and distribution department refers to the total amount of all books priced. Correspondingly, there is a real ocean, and the real ocean is the discounted price.
How to determine the price of books?
Before 1988, the price of books was stipulated by the state, calculated according to the number of albums, such as 0 per volume. 1 1 yuan, considering the high cost of many books with high academic level or scientific research books with small circulation, the price is set according to the profit limit. After 1993, the state liberalized the price of books, and the price of books was set by publishing houses, except for textbooks and textbooks. General book pricing includes topic planning fee, editing fee, proofreading fee and printing fee.
What is the cataloging data of books in publication?
CIP is the cataloging data of books in print. It is the abbreviation of Chinese and English cataloging in P publicity, which means according to certain standards. In order to compile bibliographic data for books in the publishing process, the bibliographic data printed on the back of the main title page of books generated by cataloging books in print is called in print data.
Are all the books published by the publishing house genuine?
Not necessarily, 99% of the books published by the publishing house are genuine, but there are still some books, such as No Excuses by Machinery Industry Publishing House, The First Batch of Fake Books published by the General Administration of Press and Publication, and The Ant Corps by Enterprise Management Publishing House. There are no excuses, and the interview questions of the best companies in the world are complete works without any excuses. Jiuzhou Publishing House's "Trading, the exclusive marketing secret of negotiators" and "Tolerance; The exclusive leadership art of management masters. These books are blacklisted in the deployment of press and publication, and there is a feature here; Basically, the copyright is unclear or created by foreign celebrities as authors.
What is a reference book? Is it what we call a large-size foreign document?
Reference book is a kind of literature type that classifies, refines, processes, concentrates and reorganizes a large number of original documents in order to meet people's needs of consulting knowledge concepts, facts and data at any time. The purpose is to solve the problems encountered in study and work, so it is called a reference book. Some people exaggerate those problems at present. Hardcover books with high average price are mistaken for reference books, but in fact they can only be regarded as gift books, hardcover books and books with collection value.
Is the lowest discount directly proportional to the best price?
Generally speaking, the best discount and price of books. It should be proportional. However, in recent years, the phenomenon of irregular book pricing has become increasingly serious, leading to the phenomenon of optimal discount and optimal price upside down in the book distribution market. In addition, some book suppliers buy a large number of scrapped books from publishing houses (at the price of tons) and dump the basically valuable waste products to schools or individuals at the price of 20-30%. Although buyers spend less money, they buy some junk and books full of typos. If we choose books, we can avoid wasting our limited funds.
How many new books are published in China every year?
According to statistics, the annual publishing volume of books in China Mainland is about 6.5438+0.6 million copies (including printed books), which is increasing with the development of economy and the continuous improvement of quality education requirements. Authoritative sources predict that the number of domestic publications will exceed 250,000 in 20 15 years. Most of these books are market bestsellers and professional books, and there are a lot of teaching materials. I don't think there are many really suitable schools.
How many publishing houses are there in China?
Up to now, there are 268 national * * * publishing houses in 2005, and their corresponding levels are as follows:
Level 1: People's Publishing House, Science Publishing House, Higher Education Publishing House, Zhonghua Book Company, Commercial Press, etc.
Level 2: other national publishing houses, etc.
Level 3: provincial and university press, etc.
Level 4: smaller publishers below the provincial level, etc.
At present. China's publishing houses are facing a comprehensive reform. Provinces. Autonomous region. The municipality directly under the central government reserves the People's Publishing House as a public institution, and all other publishing houses are enterprises. In addition to the Central People's Publishing House, each province can retain a people's publishing house or another policy publishing house to strengthen services for public welfare undertakings. These publishing houses are not for profit and cannot attract investment. Nor can we carry out shareholding system reform. This is a pure service organization. In the next five to seven years, the remaining 530 publishing houses will be gradually transformed according to the modern enterprise system. After the transformation, the state will give corresponding support and be exempted from enterprise income tax for five years. Publishing units that are allowed to be transformed from state-owned distribution groups into enterprises can absorb other domestic social capital investments on the premise that the original investors are controlled by major shareholders.