In the second year of Tang Zhenyuan (786), Han Yu was nineteen years old. He went to Beijing to take the Jinshi exam with the ambition of being a scholar, and failed three times in a row. He didn't pass the fourth Jinshi exam until the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792). According to the law of the Tang Dynasty, after being admitted to the Jinshi, he must also take the examination of erudition and macro-rhetoric in the official department. Han Yu took part in the official election three times, but all failed. I wrote to the prime minister three times, but I didn't get a reply; Those who have been in power for three times are turned away.
in July of the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796), Han Yu was twenty-nine years old, and was recommended by Dong Jin as the observation and promotion officer of Xuanwu Army. This is the beginning of Han Yu's political career. During the three years of observing and promoting officials, Han Yu, on the one hand, guided young people such as Li Ao and Zhang Ji to learn literature, and took every opportunity to publicize his ideas on prose innovation.
in the winter of the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu took the official examination for the fourth time, and passed the civil service election in the second year (81). Answering Li Yishu, written during this period, expounds his own idea of closely combining the ancient prose movement with the Confucian retro movement, which is the representative work of Han Yu's initiation of the ancient prose movement. At the end of autumn this year, Han Yu was thirty-four years old and was appointed as a doctor of four schools in imperial academy, which was the beginning of Han Yu's entry into the government agency of the capital. During his tenure as a doctor of four schools, he actively recommended young writers, dared to be a teacher and widely taught his disciples, and was called "the son of Han family". In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (83), he wrote a famous work "Teacher's Theory", which was the theory of teacher's way put forward by Han Yu systematically.
in the winter of the 19th year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu was promoted to supervise the imperial censor. After only two months in office, in order to be sympathetic to the people's feelings and be loyal to his duties, he wrote "On the Hunger of People in Drought". Because of being slandered by the powerful minister, he was demoted to the post of Yangshan Order in Lianzhou. Han Yu worked in Yangshanling for three years, went deep into the people, participated in farming and fish hunting activities of the mountain people, and loved the people, benefiting the government, being polite and civilized. Therefore, the special book "New Tang Book Han Yuchuan" is "Love for the people, and the people's livelihood is named after their surnames." When Yangshan was appointed, a large number of young people went to Han Yu's door to discuss poetry with young students, and their works were quite rich. Today, there are more than 2 ancient poems and several articles in Changli. In particular, the original Tao and other chapters conceived and written at this time constitute the "Five Origins" theory, an important work of Sinology, which was the forerunner of Neo-Confucianism in the Tang and Song Dynasties and had great influence on theoretical achievements.
during the summer and autumn of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (85), Han Yu left Yangshan, and in August he joined Facao in Jiangling.
in June of the first year of Yuanhe (86), Han Yufeng recalled to Chang' an and officially authorized Dr. Zhiguozi. In the third year of Yuanhe (88), Han Yu changed to a real doctor. In the fourth year of Yuanhe, Han Yu changed the official position of the capital, Yuan Wailang, to be the capital and the ancestral temple. He was demoted to Henan Order in the winter of that year, and later served as Fang Yuanwailang and Dr. Guozi successively.
in the eighth year of Yuanhe (813), he was promoted to be selected by Bibi Langzhong History Museum, and completed the compilation of the famous history book A Record of Shunzong.
in the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), Han Yu was appointed as a doctor of Kao Gong, and in the second year, he was promoted to the position of Sheren of Zhongshu. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (817), he assisted Pei Du, the prime minister, to quell the Huai-Xi rebellion as a marching Sima, and was awarded the assistant minister of punishments for his military achievements.
In the 14th year of Yuanhe (819), Emperor Xianzong sent messengers to Fengxiang to welcome the Buddha's bones, and the capital immediately set off a frenzy of believing in Buddhism. Regardless of his personal safety, Han Yu resolutely wrote a book "On the Table of Buddha's Bone", denouncing the unreliability of the Buddha and demanding that the Buddha's bones be "thrown into the fire and water, forever and fundamentally, to break the suspicion of the world and to confuse future generations." Xian zong got the table, and Long Yan was furious, and he was sentenced to death. Fortunately, Prime Minister Pei Du and the DPRK ministers tried their best to intercede, so as not to die and be relegated to the history of Chaozhou punishment. Han Yu served as a criminal in Chaozhou for eight months. Generally speaking, he drove crocodiles and killed the people. Invite teachers to run township schools; Paying debts and releasing slaves; Leading the people, building water conservancy, drainage and irrigation. For thousands of years, Chaozhou has become a regional culture with individual characteristics, and Chaozhou has become a state of etiquette and a famous cultural city!
in September (82) in the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Han Yu ordered him to make a toast to the nation. In July of the first year of Changqing (821), Han Yu was transferred to the post of assistant minister of the Ministry of War. In the second year, he took risks and went to Zhenzhou to comfort the chaotic army. He was known as "winning the commander of the three armed forces" and made peace without a single soldier. In September, he was appointed assistant minister of the official department.
in June of the third year of Changqing (823), Han Yu was promoted to Jing Zhaoyin and an ancient scholar. The land of Jingzhao is said to be complicated and difficult to manage. Under Han Yu's rectification, the society is stable, thieves stop, and rice prices dare not go up. Later, he was successively transferred to the Ministry of War Assistant Minister and the Ministry Assistant Minister.
in the fourth year of Changqing, Han Yu took a leave of absence due to illness. On December 2nd, Han Yu died of illness in Chang 'an at the age of 57.
Tao Yuanming (365-427), alias Mr. Wuliu, changed his name to Qian in his later years. After his death, his relatives and friends privately celebrated the festival. Chaisang people in Xunyang, Eastern Jin Dynasty (now Jiujiang City).
Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made remarkable achievements in military service. He was the official to Fu, the commander-in-chief of the eight states' military affairs, and the two states of Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father Tao Yi were both satraps.
When they were young, their families declined. At the age of eight, they lost their father. At the age of twelve, their mother died of illness and lived with their mother and sister. Orphans and widows mostly live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't agree with each other, you won't be boastful for years, and you will never be happy.". Good wine, more than not disorderly; As for forgetting pride, there is no one. " ("Biography of Meng Fu Jun, the general of the Jin Dynasty who conquered the West") Yuan Ming "deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors." In the future, his personality and cultivation are very much the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has many books, which provides him with the conditions for reading ancient books and understanding history. In the Jin Dynasty, when scholars took Zhuang and Lao as their religion and copied the Six Classics, he not only learned Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also learned the Confucian Six Classics and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different ideas of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "to pursue the world with great ambition" and "to love the hills by nature".
Tao Yuanming seldom has the ambition of "making great efforts to escape from all over the world, and making a trip to Philip Burkart" (Miscellaneous Poems). He was filial to Emperor Tai Yuan in the 18th year (393), and with the desire of "giving great help to the common people", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate system was strict. He was born in commoners, and was despised by others. He felt unbearable as an official, and he turned himself over in a few days. (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin) After he resigned and went home, the state called him as the master book again, and he also went to politely decline. In the fourth year of Andi Longan (4), he went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, watching the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of this careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to give up this and go as far as Xijing." ("Xin Chou went to leave in July to return to Jiangling for a night trip") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in the long-term love?" ("Two Poems of Gengzi's mid-May, from the Capital to the Ruling Forest") issued a deep sigh for the official life of people who bowed down to others. In the winter of five years in Longan, he resigned and went home because of his mother's death. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (42), Huan Xuan dispatch troops confronted the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan publicly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed the country to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing, and closed his door and sang loudly: "Under the door of the tomb, you are isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Jingfei is normally closed in the daytime. "Said to Huan Xuan proclaimed himself, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, General Jianjunwu, Emperor Wu of Xiapi and Liu Yi, He Wuji and other officials joined forces to fight against Huan's rebellion from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Huan Xuan defeated the West and took An Di, who was confined in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under the curtain of Emperor Wu of Song. (One said that Tao Yuanming was put into the curtain after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang). When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to the whole story of Andi to Jiangling, thus reporting back to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He was so happy that he wrote a poem: "Forty is ignorant, and I am not afraid of it. I am famous for my car and I want to be famous." Although thousands of miles away, how dare you! " (Chapter 4 of Rongmu) After Emperor Wu of Song entered Jiankang, his style of work was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by the fact that "a hundred departments were abandoned". After Emperor Wu of Song's "setting an example by example", he was first banned by force (imposing a ban in advance). "All the officials inside and outside are in awe, and the customs have been changed." His personality, talents and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain went up, I saw that Emperor Wu of Song had killed the Diao Kui family and innocent Wang Yu and his son in order to cut off dissidents. And with an affair, Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan, who everyone thought should be killed, was appointed as an important official position such as recording the history of ministers and leading the secretariat of Yangzhou. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Talking and moving, I will eventually return to class and live in Lu." Then he resigned and lived in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (45), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Ren Jianwei of Jiangzhou Secretariat Liu Jingxuan to join the army. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu Jingxuan. After Liu Jingxuan left his post, he also left with him. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as the magistrate of Pengze County. After 81 days in office, he met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Be a leash to welcome him." He sighed: "I can't bend over to the children in the village for fifty dou meters." He was given the seal to leave his post. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official life ended with his resignation from Pengze County Order. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he tried, disappointed and finally despaired to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Going Back and Coming to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not go along with the common customs.
Tao Yuanming resigned from his post and returned to his hometown, leading a life of "self-cultivation". His wife, Zhai Shi, is like-minded with him. She is happy and humble. "Her husband plows in the front, and her wife hoes in the back." * * * is closely related to working and maintaining life, and is increasingly close to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine grass houses, the back eaves of Liu Yin, and the front of peaches and plums." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted all over the house. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" ("From Miscellaneous Poems") has been the population of moxibustion. He is addicted to alcohol, and he will get drunk if he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink it with them. He gets drunk first. He said to the guest, "I'm so drunk that I can go." In the fourth year of Yixi, he lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Yujing Mountain in the west of Xingzi County) and moved to Lili (now in Lilitao Village, Xingzi Hot Spring), making life more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables in my garden" In case of a disaster year, "you will be hungry in summer and sleep in cold nights". At the end of Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to become an official: "Under the ragged eaves, it is not enough to live high. I am Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), and I hope that you will be muddy (referring to the same flow). " He replied: "I am deeply impressed by my father's words, and I am very angry." Fiber (enter) can be learned honestly, but it is not a mystery? And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. " ("Drinking") declined the old farmer's advice in the tone of "harmony but difference". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend, Yan Yanzhi, was appointed as the prefect of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping, Song Shaodi, Liu (423). After Xunyang, he went to his house to drink every day. When he left, he left 2 thousand yuan, all of which he sent to the restaurant and drank one after another. However, he asked for a loan or accepted alms in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, personally visited his home. At this time, he was ill and hungry for several days and couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, and if there is no way in the world, it will be hidden. If there is a way, it will arrive. This child (you) is born in a civilized world, why do you suffer from it? " He said, "I don't dare to look at the sages if I'm latent, but I'm not as ambitious." Tan Daoji gave Liang meat, but he waved it away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years, and he has been living a poor pastoral life, but his interest in staying poor and observing the festival is getting stronger when he is old. In the fourth year of Yuan Jia's reign (427), when he was still conscious in mid-September, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What to do when you die?" This shows that he looks at death so naturally.
Tao Yuanming's works are sincere, simple and natural, and sometimes show escapism. Lotte know life's thoughts of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi are called "pastoral poets".