Xiongnu is a northern nation with a long history. Their ancestors lived at the junction of Siberian cold temperate forest and grassland in Eurasia. They have long hair. According to Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu, Xiongnu is a descendant of Xia Houshi, also known as Chunwei. Above Tang Yu, there are mountain glory, stubbornness and meat porridge, which live in Beiman and move with the grazing. Xiongnu in China ancient books is a powerful nomadic people who ruled the northern part of the Central Plains in the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty.
After Qin Shihuang unified China, in 2 15 BC, Meng Tian was ordered to lead 300,000 Qin Jun to attack Xiongnu in the north, collect Hetao and station troops in the county (now southeast of Yulin City, Shaanxi Province). In 2 15 BC, Xiongnu was expelled from Hetao and Hexi Corridor by Meng Tian. Xiongnu became strong in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty and invaded the border many times, which posed a powerful threat to the Western Han regime and controlled the western regions. Later, the Xiongnu was defeated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, retreated to Mobei and split into five parts. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+09 BC, surrounded by the Han army and the surrendered Xiongnu, General Huo Qubing "sealed the wolf in Xushan, meditated in Gu Yan and boarded the Han Sea (now Lake Baikal)". (Baidu Encyclopedia)
However, what caused the Huns to invade the Central Plains?
Food problem
My family knows that the most important thing in a country is food. No matter what kind of war you fight, you need food, not to mention the Huns, who run around the grassland every day and fight from time to time. Fighting requires physical strength and equipment. If this and that are in short supply, it will lead to total annihilation. It is also because of those problems that few people generally expand outward. After all, the level of grain productivity at that time was too low, and the grain produced was simply not enough. But we found another problem. The Huns with low productivity often attack the Central Plains. How do they solve the food problem? They can only choose to attack the Central Plains.
However, their food was less than that of the Han Dynasty. How did they win? How did they solve this problem? What methods did they use to make it work, and the Central Plains was helpless?
First, don't eat too much food, do it quickly, and then withdraw after the fight, which will completely surprise the enemy. This method relies on the fact that they have a large number of cavalry. Because the place where they live is rich in grass suitable for horses, they focus on developing cavalry, and they retreat every time enemy reinforcements arrive, so they don't need a lot of food and grass.
Second, bring some convenient food. They are the food of cattle, unlike the Central Plains people who use Niu Gengdi or something. They don't farm land, so their concept of cattle is the same as that of pigs. So, they dried the beef and made it into dried beef and beef granules. Don't underestimate this.
Beef jerky, but it contains great energy. Although they didn't bring only one bag back, it was enough to eat for a long time. So the Huns were the earliest users of convenience food.
Third, that is, the method that the army will use in the later period-fighting to support the war, they will rob the local area after each attack, which not only supplements their own logistics, but also weakens the strength of the Central Plains. In the end, basically all troops will use this method to reduce the logistical pressure.
These are the three major policies used by the Huns, leaving the Central Plains army helpless. Finally, Huo Qubing fought back in the same way.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was the peak of the whole Han Dynasty, and it was also the first time that the Han Dynasty made the Huns feel frightened.
Emperor Wudi's counterattack against Xiongnu began in the sixth year of Yuanguang (BC 129) and lasted for 44 years. Among them, marked by the victory of Mobei decisive battle, it is divided into two stages, with the first stage as the main body. During this period, the Han army launched three major counterattacks (some people call them five major battles) and won decisive victories, which fundamentally solved the problem of Xiongnu's harassment in the south. These three strategic counterattacks are the Battle of Monan, the Battle of Hexi and the Battle of Mobei.
However, what kind of plan did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty rely on to defeat the Xiongnu? How did you push him back step by step?
Since ancient times, the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people in the north, is a powerful enemy of the Central Plains, and has been under pressure. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty, the Huaxia regime was constantly harassed and threatened by nomadic people in the north. Because of its weak national strength, the Huaxia regime was unable to overthrow the powerful Xiongnu in the north. Until the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, it had accumulated decades of strength and was finally able to counterattack the Xiongnu and achieve success. So, how did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty weaken the Huns? This time it will be divided into three stages.
The Sino-Hungarian War was divided into three stages: the first stage, the exploratory defense began, the officers and men were tempered, the experience was accumulated, and the truth was explored; In the second stage, he advocated one-sided defense, winning Lien Chan and winning Lianjie, forcing the Huns to flee far away.
The first stage (BC 133 ~ BC 128)
1. Mayi induced attack (now east of Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province). The plan of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty lured and annihilated the 654.38+ 10,000-strong army led by the military minister Shan Yu in Mayi, but it was discovered by the other side and retreated without entering the ambush circle. Although the first battle was not fought, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stepped up his efforts and sent many people. 300 thousand!
2. close the city and fight back. The so-called Guan family is a market for commercial tools with Huns. Emperor Wu's appetite is even smaller this time. The plan is divided into four roads, namely, Yun Yun (now northeast of Togtoh, Inner Mongolia), Yanmen (now south of Youyu County, Shanxi Province), Dai Jun (now northeast of Yuxian County, Hebei Province) and Shanggu (now Huailai, Hebei Province) to wipe out the Xiongnu army near Guanshi. What are the consequences? Killed 700 people and lost 1.7 million people. There is no mention of Lu in several books. Judging from the loss of the Han army, the total strength should be doubled-34,000 people.
3. Battle of Wild Goose Gate. This time, Wei Qing led thirty thousand troops to resist the Huns, killed thousands of people and came back.
The second stage (BC 127 ~ BC 1 19 years)
1. The Battle of Henan (Hetao area of the Yellow River). Wei Qing led thirty thousand elite cavalry out of the Wild Goose Gate, and Li Xi led a group of troops out of Dai Jun to meet tarkan. Wei Qing "beheaded thousands" and defeated the defending Xiongnu.
2. Battle of Monan. Or Wei Qing unified the army, the military strength as much as 65438+65438. Captured men and women 1.5 million people and hundreds of thousands of livestock. Dingxiang went out two times, killing Xiongnu 1.9 million.
3. Battle of Hexi. This short-range attack was led by Huo Qubing, who made outstanding achievements in the battle of desert south. In order to be more mobile, the number of soldiers is only 1 ten thousand. Xiongnu beheaded more than 40,000 people and surrendered more than 40,000 people.
4. Mobei War. This war is so famous that the total strength of the Han army exceeds 65438+ 10,000. The Han army lost 10 thousand people and destroyed more than 90 thousand Huns.
This is the strategy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to solve the Huns, but is it practical? The answer is no, why, because it took too long, and then the national strength was greatly reduced, and then the Wang Mang regime.
Qin Shihuang didn't fight the Huns many times, because Qin Shihuang was too strong for the Huns to fight, but if he did, it was estimated that he was not much different from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so the plans of Qin Shihuang and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty didn't work, so who would fight? Three Kingdoms Cao Cao, why did Cao Cao do this? Because Cao's men don't have a single soldier to manage him.
In ancient times, the border has always been an anxious thing. If you join a country, your life is unstable, and then people often invade, then the country is basically not far from extinction. Cao Cao has many problems to face. In addition to the confrontation with Shu, some ethnic minorities are also a thorn in his heart. But in the face of ethnic minorities, he used a different method, that is, the way he treated the Huns.
Xiongnu is a particularly difficult nation. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Li Mu defeated the Huns by relying on the Great Wall at that time. Later, during the Qin and Han dynasties, I encountered more with Xiongnu. In the end, the Huns split directly into two directions: north and south. In the south, they have been living in Hetao area.
The southern Xiongnu is not very stable. They always want to profit from the war. They often go out to burn, kill and rob, no matter who they are or what others have. At that time, Cai Wenji was taken as a refugee by the Huns. Cao Cao knew that Cai Wenji had been taken away by the Huns, so he tried his best to find and bring Cai Wenji back.
At that time, Cao Cao was not particularly brave and could not beat the Huns. Those rulers can kill Cao Cao at will. Time is a good thing, it can make a weak person strong. Then the day finally came. Cao Cao became a lean man and became famous in the north of China. He regarded the emperor as a vassal and became a successful ruler. Xiongnu is a big problem, so how did Cao Cao solve it?
Cao Cao didn't treat the Xiongnu in the old way, but divided the Xiongnu into five parts, and it wouldn't be so difficult to send people to look after them.
This was just the beginning, and then Cao Cao found a leader from the Huns to manage it. With a manager inside the Huns, they began to be quiet and would not pick up anything again. In order to better consolidate the relationship with the Huns, he also used a trick. He asked the Huns if they wanted to be Han Chinese, and if so, they would have good welfare. This method greatly reduced the number of Huns. Since then, the Huns have been less provocative and have lived in peace with the Han people.
So I say Cao Cao's method is the most practical. He made the Huns submit, without any soldiers or horses, but it would be much better without the hard work of Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi. So Cao Cao's method is the most practical.