Ying Zheng, Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao, and was the son of Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang. He succeeded to the throne at the age of [1]. At the age of 39, he was called the emperor and reigned for 37 years. China, a famous politician, strategist and reformer in history, was the first iron-fisted politician to complete the reunification of China, established the first multi-ethnic centralized country, and formed the title of "emperor" with the titles of "emperor" of Huang San and "emperor" of five emperors. He was the first feudal monarch known as the emperor at all times and in all countries. Qin Shihuang established the emperor system in the central government, implemented three officials and nine ministers, and managed state affairs. The enfeoffment system was abolished at the local level and replaced by the county system. At the same time, books are in the same language and cars are on the same track. Unified measurement. Attacking Xiongnu in the north, conquering Baiyue in the south, building the Great Wall of Wan Li, building Lingqu and connecting the water system. It also pushed China into the era of great unification, created a new situation of the establishment of autocratic centralization, had a far-reaching impact on China and world history, and laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years. Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty, praised him as "an emperor through the ages".
Early experience
Qin Shihuang (65438+ 259 BC1October 27th [3-5 BC]-2 10 BC) was a neutron of the King of Qin Zhuang, so it was also called Zhao. [ 1][6-7]
[8] Qin Shihuang was born in the first month of the forty-eighth year of Qin Zhaowang. His exact birthplace is in Zhu Jiaxiang, south of Wen Ming Temple ruins and Congtai, east of Zhongjie and southwest of Congtai.
In 247 BC, King Xiang of Qin Zhuang died, and Qin Shihuang, who was 13 years old, was made King of Qin. [9] At this time, Lv Buwei was the prime minister, sealing 100,000 households, and posthumous title was Wen Xin Hou, who was good at monopolizing power. When he acceded to the throne, due to his advanced age, the state administration was dominated by Xiangbang Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was named Guan Zhong. [10] When Qin Shihuang was 2 1 years old, that is, 239 years ago, a fierce political struggle took place in the court of Qin State.
Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). [1 1] Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him and thought
Qin Shihuang [12]
After I left the Empress Dowager, I was afraid that the Empress Dowager would resent me, so I gave the Empress Dowager an old moxa from false eunuch. The old moxa gave a fake rot, and only pulled out her beard and eyebrows and went into the palace. [13] Qin Shihuang grew up, so they lied to Ying Zheng, saying that the Feng Shui in the Queen Mother's bedroom was not good and asked her to move out. [14] Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved to the detached palace in Yongxian county. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children. [15] Lao Yi, a false eunuch, also claimed to be the fake father of the King of Qin, and with the help of the Queen Mother, he was named as a long-time letter Hou, and he took his own party with him and Taiyuan. Laoai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years and has established a huge force. [16- 17] is another powerful political force after Lv Buwei.
Ai's success is inevitable. When he was drunk, he scolded a minister: "I am the false father of the king of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Ying Zheng about the relationship between Laoyi and the Empress Dowager. Qin Shihuang was very angry when he learned about this, and Lao Ai panicked and prepared to rebel [18].
In 238 BC, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. [19] Lao Ai used the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of Empress Dowager Cixi to launch a rebellion and attack the Palace of Praying for the Year. [20] Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. [2 1] Qin Shihuang cracked Lao Ai's car and exposed the body to the public; [22] and locked his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng; Two illegitimate children born to Lao Ai and the Empress Dowager. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Lv Buwei knew that his relationship with Qin Shihuang was irreversible, so he drank poisoned wine and committed suicide. [23] Later, although Qin Shihuang listened to the words of the nobles of Qin State and wrote "The Book of Expulsion", he expelled the diners from the six countries, but was discouraged by Li Si's "The Book of Expulsion". Later, he reused Liao Wei, Reese and others. [24]
Unify the six countries
After Qin Shihuang came to power, he appointed Andy, Li Si and others to actively promote the unification strategy.
A war broke out between Zhao Yan and his country 236 years ago. Zhao sent troops to attack Yan, and Qin sent Wang Jian and others to attack Zhao in the name of saving Yan, and successively captured the Kuihe River, Tuoyangyi (northwest of Nanyang, Henan), Hejianyi (southeast of xian county, Hebei) and Anyang (southeast of Yangyuan County, Hebei) of Zhao, and the Zhangshui River basin has been occupied by Qin.
In the first 234 years, the State of Qin attacked the State of Zhao on a large scale, and established Yanmen County and Yunzhong County with the land seized from the State of Zhao.
23 1 year ago, Wei was forced to cede some land to Qin, and South Korea was also forced to cede Nanyang land to Qin.
Qin destroyed the six countries [25]
The Qin Dynasty sent Naishi Teng as the pseudo-guard of Nanyang. [26]
230 years ago, A Qin sent Shi Teng to attack North Korea, captured Wang Han 'an, established Yingchuan County in North Korea, and South Korea perished. [27] At this time, there was a drought in Zhao. Wang Jian, the general of Qin State, led the soldiers down to Jingxing County, Hebei Province, and Yang Duanhe, the general of Qin State, led the army from Hanoi to Handan, the capital of Zhao State. [28] Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to lead the troops to resist. Guo Kai, the minister of the State of Zhao, was bought by the State of Qin. It was rumoured that Li Mu and Sima Shang were plotting against him. The prince of Zhao replaced Li Mu and Sima Shang with Zhao Cong and Yanju, and killed Li Mu.
In the first 229 years, Wang Jian defeated Zhao Jun, killed Zhao Cong and captured Wang Zhao. [29] Zhao Gongzi Jia led hundreds of people from his clan to flee to Zhao and became his own king. [30] Qin established Handan County in the area of Zhaodu Handan.
In the first 227 years, Qin Shihuang sent Wang Jian and Xin Sheng to attack Yan. Yan and Dai rose up to resist and were defeated by Xiao Zhixi. The following year, Qin Jun captured Ji Cheng, Yan Dou. [3 1] The prince likes to move the capital to Liaodong. [32] Qin Li Xin led the troops to pursue. Prince Xi listened to Wang Jia's plan, killed Prince Dan and dedicated his head to the Qin Dynasty for peace.
In the first 226 years, there was a rebellion in the Korean capital. Qin took the opportunity to send troops to quell the rebellion in South Korea and died.
In the first 225 years, Qin Shihuang sent general Wang Ben to attack Wei, surrounded Dewey Girder (Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and led the Yellow River to fill the city. In three months, Daliang City was broken, Wang Wei fell and Wei was destroyed. [33] Qin established a party county in eastern Wei. In the same year, the State of Qin sent Li Xin and Wu Meng to attack Chu with 200,000 troops. Li Xin attacked Chu Pingyu (north of Pingyu County, Henan Province) and Wu Meng attacked Chu's bedroom (Linquan County, Anhui Province), and achieved initial victory. Qin Chu's two armies joined forces in Chengfu Town (now southeast of Bo County, Anhui Province), and Chu Cheng was unprepared to launch a counterattack and defeated Qin Jun [34]. The king of Qin sent Wang Jian to take 600,000 troops to war, and defeated the Chu army in Qi (now southeast of Su County, Anhui Province), forcing Chu to commit suicide in Xiang Yan. [35] Then, Qin Jun invaded Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. Qin Gui was originally located in Jiujiang County (Shouxian County, Anhui Province) and Changsha County (Changsha City, Hunan Province).
In the first 222 years, Wang Jianping decided the south of Chu, surrendered to the Vietnamese army, set up Huiji County, and Chu perished. [36] While destroying Chu, Qin continued to expand eastward, establishing counties in succession, and seizing all the land to establish Qufu County, Shandong Province.
In the first 222 years, Qin Shihuang sent Wang Ben to attack Liaodong, the state of Yan, captured the music department of Rebecca and destroyed the state of Yan. Then, Li returned to the Wangs and established (southwest of Yuxian County, Hebei Province) and Liaodong County (old town of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province). [37]
22 1 years ago, Wang Ben, the general of Qin Dynasty, attacked Qi from the south of Yan State, captured Wang Jian, destroyed Qi State, and established Qixian County (northeast of Zibo City, Shandong Province) and Langxie County (Xiahe City, southwest of Jiaonan County, Shandong Province) in the hometown of Qi State. [38]
From 230 BC to the end of Qi, the State of Qin annexed six countries in succession in 10, and set up counties in the occupied areas, which were directly owned by the king of Qin, thus ending the kingdom era of aristocratic vassal dictatorship and entering the imperial era of absolute monarchy.
Create an imperial system
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor. He continued to implement Shang Yang's legalist policy since the reform of Xiaozong, strengthened the autocratic monarchy, weakened the influence of the old nobles, and promoted the nobles who rose from military service. The land ownership of the Qin Empire basically maintained the "Wang You" land system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but changed "Wang You" to "state-owned". In 2 16 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered farmers all over the country to report the actual amount of land occupied in order to collect taxes. It is also practiced that even civilians can be awarded land and titles as long as they have military merits. Although Qin implemented the "land grant system" during Shang Yang's political reform, farmers' land was nominally owned by the state and cultivated privately, but this made the people of the whole country actually occupy the land that originally belonged to the king, and soon farmers and officials were free to buy and sell land, so Shang Yang's political reform in Qin finally facilitated the development of private land. [39]
Statue of Qin Shihuang
After Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system, he established the county system and bureaucracy from the central to the local. At the beginning, the whole country was divided into 36 counties. [40] Later, with the expansion of the land, it increased to 46 counties and made Xianyang its capital (Qindu District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province). The highest bureaucrats of the central government are the Prime Minister, the Imperial Adviser and Qiu, also known as the "three publics". The local sheriff is a guard, and the sheriff is an order. The county system initially broke the patriarchal clan system of blood relationship, while the feudal system and bureaucratic system replaced the hereditary system of nobles. In order to consolidate political power, Qin Shihuang also implemented a series of policies, mainly: unifying currency and weights and measures; Unified writing; Building the Great Wall, Equator and Straight Road; The six countries moved to enrich the people and make peace. After Qin unified the six countries, in order to prevent the nobles of the six countries from "revival" according to clan, they were forced to emigrate to Xianyang to take care of the imperial tombs, or moved to remote areas in southwest China. At the same time, some civilians were forced to move, called "migration", to do coolies such as mining and drilling salt wells. 2 15 years ago, Meng Tian, the general of Qin, seized Jiuyuan Henan, set up 34 counties and established Jiuyuan County (located in the northwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia). [4 1-42]
Before Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor, many legalists entered Qin from eastern countries such as Jin. Qin Shihuang once issued a famous "marching order" to expel six people from Qin. In 239 years ago, the first emperor stopped this order because of Reese's persuasion. [24]
After the unification of the six countries, talents from all walks of life who strongly opposed Shang Yang's political reform came to work in Qin. Perhaps Qin Shihuang adopted Shang Yang's reform with Qin characteristics, which led to the prevalence of various superstitions in the Qin Empire. Among them, Huang Jia and Yin Yang Jia combined Confucianism, Legalism and Taoism, and put forward the so-called "five virtues ending in the beginning", which was especially trusted by the first emperor. The first emperor thought that Qin was the virtue of water, Zhou was the virtue of fire, and water could overcome fire, so Qin won the world. [43] Confucian scholars and alchemists from Qiyan also made a radical revision of the Confucian "meditation". It is said that emperors have held meditation ceremonies since ancient times.
Immortal journey
Main entry: Qin Shihuang's military parade, burning books and burying Confucianism
At the same time, they also said that there are three islands in the sea, Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, where immortals live, and there is an "elixir of life", which can make them "immortal" after taking it. The first emperor was very tempted and dreamed of becoming an immortal. In twenty-eight years, Xu Fu, a Qi man, wrote a letter about a fairyland on the sea, so Qin Shihuang sent him to recruit thousands of boys and girls to go to the sea to seek immortality. [44]
From 28 years to 3 1 year (2 19 ~ 2 15), Qin Shihuang continuously toured the eastern coast, the Jianghuai valley and the north, and everywhere he went, he carved stones to praise the work.
In thirty-two years, the emperor ordered Lu Sheng, a Yan man, to seek immortality, and vowed to be high if he longed for the door. Later, he asked Han Tong, the harem and Shi Sheng to seek the elixir of life. [45] Some Confucian scholars also expressed their opinions on the behavior of the first emperor. Dr. Qi Renchun suggested that the first emperor should still implement the policy of enfeoffment of his children as vassals, and the first emperor handed them over to his lieutenants for discussion. Prime Minister Reese objected. Li Si's memorial prompted Qin Shihuang to order the burning of books and ban them, stipulating that all history books in the Qin Dynasty should be burned. If you are not a doctor, anyone in the world who dares to collect poems and hundreds of papers will carefully keep them and burn them. Those who dare to talk about "poetry" and "books" will abandon the market; The past is not the present, family. Those officials are all guilty of the same crime if they don't mention it. If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be a city. Quasi-preserver, the book of planting trees. If you are willing to study law, you should learn from officials. At this time, Xu Fu went to the sea to seek immortality, spending tens of thousands, but he could not take medicine. [42]
The first emperor felt cheated, so he ordered the proposal to require students to expose more than 460 people involved. Qin Shihuang ordered them to be buried alive in Xianyang. This is the famous "pit Confucianism". Some people think that the warlock [46] was killed by Qin Shihuang in Historical Records, not the Confucian scholar, but according to Records of Historical Records of Qin Shihuang, all the people killed by Qin Shihuang "recited the teachings of Confucius". [47]
Seven years after reunification, Epang Palace (also known as Gong Chao, Epang Palace was its old name) was built on the south bank of Weihe River, and more than 700,000 migrant workers were employed every year. At that time, the national population was only 20 million. The Forbidden City can hold100000 people, and it needs horses and chariots to transport food and wine inside. The area of only one vestibule is 693m from east to west, with a width of 116m from north to south, with a pedestal as high as11.65m and seating capacity of110,000 people. However, the archaeological team of Epang Palace, which was jointly formed by the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology of Xi City, found that Epang Palace was not built at all, and the foundation stone of this palace was laid only in the Qin Dynasty.
Submerged dune
Main terms: dune change, Lisi, Zhao Gao, Hu Hai.
In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang died while traveling eastward for the fifth time.
Xingtai Guangzong Dune Platform
After the death of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Gao threatened Reese by persuading Hu Hai. After some conspiracy, the two forged the release edict of Qin Shihuang, and Hu Hai succeeded to the throne. At the same time, in the name of Qin Shihuang, Fu Su was accused of being unfilial to his son, and Meng Tian was unfaithful to the minister, telling them to commit suicide and not to disobey. After getting the exact news of Fu Su's suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao and Reese ordered the motorcade to travel day and night and quickly return to Xianyang. [50] In order to continue to deceive the subjects, the motorcade did not dare to take a shortcut back to Xianyang, but assumed the posture of continuing to patrol and detoured back to Xianyang. Due to the high temperature in summer, Qin Shihuang's body has rotted and stinked. In order to hide their eyes and ears, Hu Hai and his party ordered people to buy many abalones and put them in the car. The smell of abalone masked the rancidity of the corpse and puzzled everyone. [5 1] After arriving in Xianyang, Hu Hai succeeded Qin Ershi and Zhao Gao, and Reese remained the prime minister, but the power of the imperial court actually fell to Zhao Gao. After Zhao Gao succeeded in his plot, he began to kill people around him. He set a trap and cornered Reese. When Reese discovered Zhao Gao's plot, he wrote to report Zhao Gao. Qin Ershi and Hu Hai not only sided with Zhao Gao, but also convicted Lisi, and finally beheaded Lisi in Xianyang. Zhao Gao was promoted to prime minister. Because he can go in and out of the palace, he is called "Prime Minister".
politics
First called the emperor
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of various countries called "Jun" or "Wang". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. Ying Zheng, who has always dominated the country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show respect for him, so he ordered his ministers to discuss titles. [53] After some discussions, Prime Minister Wang Wan, imperial envoys Feng Jie, Ting Wei Li Si and others thought that the government of the King of Qin "crusaded against the thieves of Xingyi and pacified the world", and its achievement was "unprecedented since ancient times, which was beyond the reach of the five emperors". Quoting the traditional honorific words, it is said that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times", and it is suggested that the title of "Tai Huang" should be adopted by the King of Qin. [54] However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it because of "three emperors and five emperors", creating a new title of "emperor" and awarding it to himself. [55] From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China feudal society.
Qin Shi Huang
The emergence of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of governing the country. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god. It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty. [56]
Qin Shihuang became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will always be inherited by his family is "circulated endlessly". In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch": [56]
1. Cancel the funeral ceremony. The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. However, Qin Shihuang thought that "discussing the father by the son and the monarch by the minister" was outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves. [57]
2. The son of heaven calls himself "I". The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, ordinary people could use it, but Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I". The emperor's orders are called "system" or "imperial edict" (life is called system, order is called imperial edict, and cover has different effects). [58]
The name of the emperor is not allowed to be mentioned in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written. [56]
Only the jade carving seal used by the emperor can be called "seal". [56]
The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation. [56]
Concentration (of power)
In order to effectively manage the country and lay a foundation for future generations, Qin Shihuang learned the specific experience of setting up official positions during the Warring States period and established a fairly complete set of centralized and political institutions. [59]
① Central organization
The central government has a premier, A Qiu, and an ancient adviser. The Prime Minister has two left and right members, and he is the head of a hundred officials, in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials.
Under the Prime Minister, Qiu, and imperial envoys, there are various ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs, including doctors in charge of the palace, guards stationed in the palace, deputy generals in charge of public security in Gyeonggi, Tingwei in charge of punishment, internal history of Ji Xia, taxes on mountains and seas and handicrafts supplied by the government to the royal family, those in charge of the palace, those in charge of domestic ethnic affairs and foreign affairs, and guest appearances. The prime minister, Qiu, Qiu, discussed the state affairs, and the emperor ruled. [60]
In addition, there were some important official positions in the Qin dynasty, such as doctors, who were familiar with ancient and modern history for the emperor's consultation and were responsible for collecting books. Huagai State is in charge of ethnic affairs like Dianke, but the difference is that Dianke is in charge of communication with ethnic minorities who are friendly to Qin, while Huagai State is in charge of ethnic minorities who have surrendered to Qin. Zhan's-managing the affairs of the queen and the prince. The centralization of authority established in the Qin Dynasty was imitated by successive dynasties. Among them, the "three public officials and nine ministers" in the Han Dynasty basically copied the Qin system. [60]
② Local institutions
After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, he adopted Lisi's suggestion, abolished the enfeoffment system and switched to the county system. Local administrative agencies are divided into counties and counties. Principal officials of counties and counties are appointed and removed by the central authorities.
There are guards, governors and supervisors in the county. The sheriff is in charge of his county. The county commandant assisted the county magistrate and gave a military salute. The county supervisor is responsible for supervision. Qin Shihuang divided the whole country into 36 counties, and later it gradually increased to 4 1 county. They are:
Qindi: Ba County, Shu County, Longxi County and Beidi County;
Zhao Di: Taiyuan County, Yunzhong County, Handan County, Julu County, Yanmen County, Daixian County and Changshan County;
Di Wei: Shang Jun, Hedong County, Dong Jun, Dang County and Hanoi County;
Handi: Sanchuan County, Shangdang County and Yingchuan County;
The land of Chu and Yue: Hanzhong County, Nanjun County, Qianzhong County, Nanyang County, Chenjun County, Xue Jun County, surabaya county County, Jiujiang County, Huiji County, Changsha County and Hengshan County;
Tiqi: Donghai County, Qixian County, Langya County, Jiaodong County and Jibei County;
Yan Di: Yangguang County, Shanggu County, Yuyang County, Youbeiping County, Liaoxi County and Liaodong County;
Hometown of South Vietnam: Minzhong County, Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang Jun County;
Hometown of Xiongnu: Jiuyuan County.
At the county level, there are orders (county orders) for more than 10 thousand households, and heads (county heads) for less than 10 thousand households. County magistrate, county magistrate has XianCheng, county commandant and other subordinates. The county magistrate and the county magistrate are mainly in charge of government affairs, the county commandant is in charge of military affairs, and the county magistrate is in charge of justice. Setting up villages and towns below the county level has four main functions: 1. Evaluate the corvee; 4. Collecting land tax; 3. Go to the defendant's hometown to verify the case; 4. Participate in national grain storage. There are three old men in charge of education, miser in charge of litigation and taxation, and vagabond in charge of public security. The village is the most basic administrative unit. There was Li Dian in the room, who was later called Li Zheng and Li Kui, with "Hao Shuai" as the powerful person. A strict household registration organization is set up in the village for tribal officers to collect taxes. It also provides for mutual supervision and prosecution of rape, where one person commits a crime and neighbors sit together. In addition, there is a special organization responsible for public security and thieves, called the pavilion, and there is a pavilion in the pavilion. In addition to managing public security, the pavilion is also responsible for receiving officials coming and going, and transporting, purchasing and delivering (documents) for the government. The two pavilions are about 10 miles apart.
(3) Qin captured Jiuding.
Khufu of Qinyang mausoleum
It is said that Jiuding was cast by Xia, symbolizing Kyushu and protected by many countries. It is made of bronze tributes from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (fifty-one and fifty-nine years in Qin Zhao), he attacked Qin Jun in Handan, attacked Zhao, and continued to attack North Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty [6 1] also participated in this activity. [52] The allied forces fought against Qin under the banner of King Zhou, and King Zhou was angry. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC, Qin Jun attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Zhou Wang listened to the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty and gave the Qin Dynasty to 36 cities and 30,000 households in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang a monarch and the Duke of the Western Zhou a retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). King Yun died in Liangcheng in January, and the country split. [62] Jiuding was located in Xianyang (according to legend, a tripod fell in Surabaya on the way, so Qin only had 8 tripods, but it was still customary to call Jiuding). From the following year (255 BC, 52 years in Zhao Haoqi), historians used the King of Qin to mark this year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States. [52]
But the Eastern Zhou Dynasty still exists, and the Zhou Dynasty did not completely perish. In the first year of Xiang Wang in Qin Zhuang (249 BC), the king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty wanted to take advantage of Qin Lian's loss and filial piety to jointly attack Qin with the five countries. King Xiang of Qinzhuang took Lv Buwei as the general, took up a hundred thousand troops, returned to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and captured seven cities including Gongcheng. The Zhou dynasty was completely destroyed at this point. [63]
Qin Shihuang destroyed six countries. It is true that Qin Shihuang destroyed the Six Kingdoms not by himself, but by the seven generations of monarchs of Qin (including Qin Shihuang). They all had their own historical missions, such as the Zhao Haoqi Item of Qin: weakening the power of the vassal states such as Zhao ... but Qin Shihuang achieved the greatest success. [52]
Make and pass the national seal
The law says "I am ordained by heaven to live forever"
"Guo Chuanyu", or Xi for short, is made of "He". The seal handed down by the emperor after the Qin Dynasty was engraved on the order of Qin Shihuang. Its Fiona Fang is four inches, and it has five dragons in New Zealand. On the front, there are eight Chinese characters inscribed by Li Si, "Long live the order of heaven", as a token of "imperial power granted by God, orthodox and legal". Since then, emperors have used this seal as a symbol and regarded it as a rare treasure and a heavy weapon of the country. If you get it, it means that you are "ordered by heaven". If you lose it, it means that your luck is exhausted. Anyone who has reached the top position without this seal is ridiculed as "Bai Di", showing a lack of self-confidence and being despised by the world. As a result, people who want to seek big treasures compete with each other, leading to the repeated transfer of the country's imperial seal, and finally go away.
Track.