Osmanthus fragrans is the common name of many trees of Oleaceae in China. The representative species is osmanthus fragrans )Lour。 , also known as osmanthus fragrans, is an evergreen shrub or small tree of Oleaceae. Hard and thin, long oval leaves, sharp ends, opposite, and do not fade in winter. In the leaves and intestines of peanuts, the corolla is divided into four parts, and its shape is small. There are many varieties of horticulture, among which Jingui, Yin Gui, Dangui and laurel are the most representative. There is also osmanthus tea made of osmanthus as raw material, which is a specialty tea in China. Soft aroma, delicious taste, deeply loved by the public. Osmanthus fragrans is also widely used in garden construction.
Morphological characteristics Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen tree or shrub, with a height of 3-5 meters and a maximum of 18 meters; The bark is grayish brown. Branchlets yellowish brown, glabrous. Leaf blade is leathery, oval, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 7- 14.5 cm long and 2.6-4.5 cm wide, the apex is tapered, the base is tapered into a wedge shape or a wide wedge shape, the whole edge or upper part is usually serrated, the two sides are hairless, the two sides of the gland point are connected with small blisters, the midvein is concave and convex, and the lateral veins are 6-8 pairs. The petiole is 0.8- 1.2 cm long, and the longest is 15 cm, without hair. Cymes clustered in leaf axils, or nearly broom-shaped, with many flowers in each axil; Bracts broadly ovate, thick, 2-4 mm long, small at the top, glabrous; Pedicel slender, 4- 10 mm long, glabrous; These flowers are very fragrant; Calyx is about 65438 0 mm long with slightly irregular lobes; Corolla is yellowish white, light yellow, yellow or orange red, 3-4 mm long, and corolla tube is only 0.5- 1 mm long; Stamens are inserted in the middle of corolla tube, filaments are very short, about 0.5 mm long, anthers are about 65438 0 mm long, connective extends slightly at the top of anthers, forming an inconspicuous small tip; The pistil is about 65438 0.5 mm long and the style is about 0.5 mm long. The fruit is skewed, oval, long 1- 1.5 cm, and purple-black. The flowering period is September-65438+1early October, and the fruiting period is March of the following year.
The growth habit of osmanthus fragrans adapts to subtropical climate zone. Sexual preference is warm and humid. The average temperature in the planting area is 14-28℃, the average temperature in July is 24-28℃, the average temperature in June is above 0℃, the minimum temperature is-13℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 15-28℃. Humidity is very important for the growth and development of osmanthus fragrans. The annual average humidity is 75 {BF}-85 {BF}, and the annual precipitation is about 65,438+000mm. Especially when young trees and adults bloom, they need more water. If you encounter drought, it will affect flowering, and strong sunlight and shade are not good for its growth. Generally they need 6-8 hours of light every day.
Osmanthus fragrans likes warmth, strong resistance, high temperature resistance and cold resistance. Therefore, it can overwinter in the open air in the areas south of Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in China. Osmanthus fragrans likes sunshine, but also can resist shade. In full light, it has lush foliage and dense flowers. In the shade, its branches and leaves are sparse and flowers are scarce. If potted indoors in the north, it is especially necessary to pay attention to sufficient light to facilitate growth and flower bud formation. Osmanthus fragrans is relatively humid, and it is forbidden to accumulate water, but it also has certain drought resistance. Osmanthus fragrans is not strict with the soil. Except alkaline soil and low-lying land or soil that is too sticky and poorly drained, it can generally grow, but slightly acidic sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage is the most suitable. Osmanthus fragrans is resistant to chlorine, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and other harmful gases, and has strong dust adsorption ability, so it is often used in cities and industrial and mining areas.
Geographical Distribution Osmanthus fragrans is native to the eastern Himalayas in southwest China, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. Wild osmanthus fragrans grows in southwest China, Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan and other places, and is now widely planted in Huaihe River Basin and its south area. Its suitable area is north to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and south to Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
The growth area has good hydrothermal conditions and suitable precipitation. The soil is mostly yellow brown soil or yellow cinnamon soil, and the vegetation is mainly subtropical broad-leaved forest. Under the influence of the above conditions, Osmanthus fragrans grows well, and has formed national famous commodity production bases of Osmanthus fragrans such as Lu 'an in Anhui, Xianning in Hubei, Taoyuan in Hunan, Suzhou in Jiangsu, Guilin in Guangxi, Wuhan in Hubei, Hangzhou in Zhejiang and Chengdu in Sichuan.
Variety classification Osmanthus fragrans has produced many cultivated varieties after long-term planting, natural hybridization and artificial breeding. Through further investigation and arrangement, 32 osmanthus fragrans varieties were preliminarily identified. As far as color is concerned, there are Jingui, Yin Gui and Dangui. From the leaf type, there are willow leaf laurel, golden leaf laurel, dripping yellow, sunflower leaf and firewood handle yellow; As far as the flowering period is concerned, eight laurels, four seasons of laurel and beautiful months are concerned.
Common varieties and their characteristics
The common cultivated varieties are Osmunda japonica Thunb, Ardisia crenata Thunb, Osmunda rigida Thunb, Zaoyingui, Hanghuang, Sijigui, Fodingzhu and Osmunda japonica Thunb.
Bougainvillea: The leaves are oval, the edges are undulating, it can bloom 2-3 times in autumn, the flowers are dense, the fragrance is rich, the crown is golden, and the petals are oval.
Cinnabar osmanthus: the leaves are oval and have a strong Phnom Penh. Flowers bloom twice in autumn, with delicate fragrance, crimson corolla and round petals.
Osmanthus fragrans with hard leaves: the leaves are elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, the whole edge is 1/3 or 2/3 serrated, the flowers have wavy edges, and the corolla is orange-yellow.
Early Yin Gui: Oval leaves, straight entire margin, early flowering, 3-4 times a year, fragrant flowers, pale yellow corolla and round petals.
Late cinnamon: the leaf edge is curved by microwave, and the tip of the leaf is roughly serrated. The leaf surface is slightly concave, the tip is short, and the base is wide wedge-shaped. Flowers can bloom twice a year, from late September of 10 to early October of 10, lasting for 6 days, with 6-7 flowers per inflorescence, with medium flowering period and medium aroma. Petals round, 4-lobed, almost totally lobed, corolla nearly white, spreading, stamens 2, ovary degenerated.
Small leaf Sugui: The leaves are oval, 7 ~ 9 cm long and 2 ~ 4 cm wide, thick leathery, with microwave-like leaf margin and entire. It can bloom three times a year, from late September of 10 to mid-October of 10, lasting 5~ 10 days. There are 5~9 flowers in each inflorescence, which are dense and fragrant. Pedicels are 8~ 15mm long, and flowers are often drooping or scattered. Petals oval, corolla lemon yellow, 2 stamens, ovary degenerated.
Ziyun: the leaves are oval, the top of midvein is sunken, the leaf margin is bent by microwave, and it is entire. Flowers can bloom twice a year, with 5-8 flowers per inflorescence in the first ten days of 10 and the middle of 10, with medium flowering period and strong fragrance. Petals are nearly round, corolla is blue-purple at first, then silvery white, pale yellow when flowering, 2 stamens, and ovary degenerates.
Drunk muscle red: the leaves are oval or oblong, and the whole or apex is occasionally serrate. The surface of the leaf is slightly concave and convex, and the length of the top of the leaf is tapered or tapered. It can bloom 1~2 times a year, with 5~9 flowers per inflorescence in the early and middle stages of 10, with dense flowers, light fragrance, orange corolla, oval petals, spreading, 2 stamens and degenerated ovary.
White knot: the leaves are oblong or oval, all around. The leaf surface is relatively flat, and the apex is blunt or short-tapered. /kloc-0 blooms from late September to early October, with 7-9 flowers per inflorescence. The flowers are milky white or light yellow white, with rich fragrance, slanting corolla and obovate or obovate petals.
Hangzhou Yellow: The leaves are oblong or ovoid, with serrations all over or higher than 1/2 and wavy edges. Flowers bloom 3-4 times in autumn, with dense flowers, rich fragrance, golden crown and inverted petals.
Willow laurel: a small tree or shrub with an oval and spherical crown and many branches. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, entire. Leaf apex acuminate, sparse apex with some serrations. From the middle and late September of 10 to the early October of 10, there are 5-7 flowers per bud, with sparse flowers, silvery white to yellowish white, light yellow and fragrant.
Jade curtain and silver laurel: the leaves are long and oval, long and narrow, all around, the apex is long and tapering, and the new branches are purple and the new leaves are purple. It can bloom 2~3 times a year for 6~7 days each time. The flowers are dense, fragrant, and the pedicel is slender, reaching 12~ 17mm, which looks like a jade curtain, with drooping petals, oval petals, flat corolla, yellow and white, 2 stamens and degenerated ovaries, and no fruit.
Four seasons laurel: leaf type 2, large and wide in spring, oval and ovoid; Autumn leaves are small, oval, entire, occasionally toothed at the top, with slightly curved edges. Flowers bloom all the year round, and spring and autumn are the blooming seasons. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, light fragrance, yellow-white corolla, oval petals.
Fodingzhu: Shrub, Ye Bo oblique wave or oval, with obvious "V" shape on the leaf surface, dark green folded inward, thick teeth above the base of leaf margin or above 1/3, well-developed peduncle, yellow-white flowers with slight fragrance, and oval petals.
Osmanthus fragrans: Shrub or small tree, with obovate-lanceolate or obovate-elliptic leaves, with serrations all over or exceeding 1/3 or 2/3, and dark green. Inflorescence has a peduncle, and the flowers are nearly white or yellowish, with a slight fragrance. The flowering period is from September to April.
Main value medicinal value
Efficacy of Osmanthus fragrans: It is yellowish white and fragrant. Osmanthus fragrans essence is made from aromatic oil, which can be used in food, cosmetics, cakes, sweets and wine making. Osmanthus fragrans is pungent and can be used as medicine. Take flowers, fruits and roots as medicine. Picking flowers in autumn; Picking fruits in spring; The roots are collected in four seasons and dried separately. Flowers: Xin, Wen. Fruit: pungent, sweet and warm. Root: sweet, slightly astringent and flat. Indications: Flowers: dispelling cold, resolving phlegm and relieving cough. Used for toothache, cough, asthma, excessive phlegm, amenorrhea and abdominal pain. Fruit: Warming the stomach, calming the liver and dispelling cold. Used for deficiency-cold stomachache. Root: dispel wind and dampness, dispel cold. Used for rheumatism, muscle and bone pain, lumbago, toothache due to kidney deficiency.
Efficacy of osmanthus wine: The ancients thought that osmanthus is the best medicine, so the wine brewed with osmanthus can achieve the effect of "drinking for thousands of years". For example, in the Han Dynasty, osmanthus wine was a good product for people to worship their ancestors. After the sacrifice, the younger generation respects the elders with osmanthus wine, which symbolizes longevity. The wine is sweet and mellow, and has the effects of stimulating appetite, sobering up, invigorating spleen and tonifying deficiency. Osmanthus fragrans wine is especially suitable for women to drink, and is known as "women's happiness wine". Traditional Chinese medicine has the theoretical practice of flower therapy, and osmanthus wine is a typical example.
Efficacy of osmanthus tea: osmanthus tea can beauty beauty, relieve sore throat and moisten throat, improve symptoms of excessive phlegm and cough, and treat duodenal ulcer, reed rash, stomach cold and stomachache, halitosis and blurred vision.
Ornamental value
Osmanthus fragrans is evergreen all year round, with lush foliage and blooming in autumn. Widely used in gardens, it is often used as a landscape tree, planted alone, opposite or in clusters. In the classical gardens of China, osmanthus flowers are often matched with buildings, mountains and rivers, and stone machines, and shrubs are planted near pavilions, terraces, buildings and pavilions. Old-style gardens are often planted relatively, which was called "double laurel in the court" or "double laurel leaves fragrance" in ancient times.
Osmanthus fragrans is resistant to harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, and it is also a good greening flower in industrial and mining areas.
Commonly used in gardens, residential areas, gardens, schools, institutions, factories, hillsides, courtyards, roadsides and buildings. When in full bloom, the flowers are full of branches and the fragrance is overflowing. With high ornamental value, it is an ideal tree species to beautify the courtyard.
Osmanthus fragrans is rich in fragrance and contains a variety of spices, which can be eaten or extracted. China has formed concentrated planting areas of osmanthus fragrans such as Xianning in Hubei, Taoyuan in Hunan, Lu 'an in Anhui, Guilin in Guangxi, Zunyi in Guizhou and Wuhan in Hubei.
Knowledge expansion, the implication of osmanthus language
Flower language: China people mean that osmanthus is noble, beautiful, auspicious, friendly, loyal and unyielding, and is a fairy friend and a fairy guest. Guizhi is regarded as "outstanding person" and "official career"; Europe and America regard cassia twig as "glory" and "honor"
Myths and legends
"Wugang felling osmanthus": There are osmanthus trees in the middle of the month, which are 500 feet high. WU GANG, a native of Hexi in Han Dynasty, was punished for disobeying the rules when he was studying immortals. He cut down trees in the middle of the month, but he couldn't cut them down. Thousands of years have passed, and WU GANG has been cutting down trees hard every day, but that magical osmanthus tree is still full of vitality and fragrance every Mid-Autumn Festival. Only on the Mid-Autumn Festival did Wu take a rest under the tree and have a reunion festival with the world. Chairman Mao's poem "Ask WU GANG what he has, and WU GANG holds out osmanthus wine" is from this allusion.
Famous poems and sentences
Liu Yong's "Looking at the Tide": Sanqiu Guizi, Shili Lotus.
Bai Juyi's "Memories of Jiangnan" Jiang Nanyi, the most unforgettable thing is Hangzhou, looking for Guizi in Zhongshan Temple in the moon, watching the tide in the county pavilion, and revisiting it.
Song Wenzhi's Lingyin Temple: The devils gather in the moon, and the fragrant clouds float outside.
Li Bai: Begonia cream every year, laurel leaves autumn moon.
Du Fu's "One Hundred and Fifty Nights on the Moon": Cold food and no home, tears like golden waves. There should be clearer light in the middle of the moon. When you leave the red core, imagine a green moth. Cowgirl is full of worries, and autumn crosses the river.
Li He: "Osmanthus fragrans falls in the autumn moon", "Osmanthus fragrans in the blue wind reveals green flowers, and red strings curl up and swallow deep thoughts." "Sweet-scented osmanthus falls in the autumn moon, which is lonely and shocking." "The new laurel flies like a moth eyebrow, and the autumn wind blows little green."
Zhu's Ode to the Rock: Graceful rock in the lower part of Guangxi is fragrant at the end of the year. The leaves are dense and green, and the flowers are yellow. Tianxiang gives birth to pure thoughts, and clouds protect fairy makeup. Who knows the king, empty songs recruit hidden chapters.
Zhu's "Wood": Playing the west wind is good and fragrant, and autumn is very busy for Iraq. Under a book window, people and flowers are fragrant.
Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon at Fifteen Nights": Crow in Zhongting White Tree, Osmanthus fragrans in Coody Leng. I don't know who Qiu Si will meet tonight.