Original text:
According to the solid letter, Qin Xiaogong holds the land of Yongzhou, and the monarch and his subjects stick to it, so that he can get a glimpse of Zhou, and has swept the world, embraced the world and swallowed the heart of the Eight Wastes. When the time is right, Shang Jun will assist him, making laws at home, farming and weaving, maintaining the tools of war, and confronting the vassals abroad. So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River.
Without filial piety, Huiwen, Wuwu and Zhao Xiang inherited their careers. Because of its legacy, Hanzhong in the south, Ba and Shu in the west, fertile land in the east and key counties in the north. Feared, the vassal states sought to weaken the State of Qin through alliance, and did not cherish the precious and fertile land, so that the people of the world could join hands and become one.
At this time, there are Meng Chang, Zhao Pingyuan, Chu Chunshen and Wei Xinling. These four monarchs are wise and faithful, generous and caring, and respect the virtuous and value the virtuous. They are all from Tianping, belonging to Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan.
So the people of the six countries, including Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin and Du He, worked for it, while Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi worked for it, while Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She worked for it.
Taste ten times the land, millions of people, knock on the customs and attack Qin. Qin people used to delay the enemy, the division of the nine countries, and did not dare to enter. Wu Qin's death cost him money, but the ruler of the world has been trapped. So he was defeated from the loose contract and bribed Qin to cede territory. Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chasing death and driving north, burying millions of bodies and bleeding; Take advantage of the trend, slaughter the world and split the mountains and rivers. Strong countries please submit, weak countries enter the DPRK.
Extending to the king of Zhuang Xiang, the country enjoys a shallow life and the country has nothing to do.
When Emperor Fen VI was fierce, he made a long-term plan to conquer the palace, swallowed the princes who died within two weeks, followed the supreme rule, and made Liuhe, whipping the world by beating and shocking the world. Take the land of Baiyue in the south as Guilin and Xiang Jun; Baiyue Wang bowed his head and tightened his neck, appointing officials. So Meng Tian built the Great Wall and guarded the fence in the north, but the Huns were more than 700 miles away. The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees.
So let's abolish Wang Zhidao and burn the words of a hundred schools of thought. Famous city, killing heroes; Take the soldiers of the world, gather in Xianyang, sell dysprosium, and cast them into twelve gold people to weaken the people of the world.
Then, Jianhua will become a city, because the river is a pool. According to the city of 100 million feet, the abyss will not be solid. A good general will guard the key points with a strong crossbow, and a loyal minister will be Chen Libing. The world is set, and the emperor's heart begins, thinking that Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, and the descendants of the emperor will always have a career.
I have been shocked by this unusual custom since the first emperor died. And Chen She, the son of Weng Ying's rope pivot, is a slave, and the migrants are also; Talents are not as good as middlemen, not the sages of Zhong Ni and Mo Zhai, but the wealth of Tao Zhu and Yidun.
Wandering among the ranks, squatting in the hustle and bustle, the rate of exhaustion of soldiers, hundreds of people, turned to attack Qin; Chop firewood for soldiers, uncover poles for flags, and the world will gather to respond, and seize grain with the scenery. Shandong Haojun rose together and Qin family died.
Moreover, the world is not small and weak, and Yongzhou is solid and self-sufficient. Chen She's position is not respected by Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. A long shovel that hoes thorns instead of hooks; The people stationed in the garrison are not resistant to the division of the nine countries; Far-sightedness, the way to March with troops, not for the people in my hometown.
However, there are differences between success and failure, and vice versa. Try to make Lu and Chen She bigger and bigger, and we can't talk about it in the same year. Qin, however, is a mere place, but it has become a thousand times more powerful, with eight countries in the same column, which has been more than a hundred years. Then take Liuhe as home and faith as palace; Water under the bridge, but difficult to be alone. Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different.
Medium-length: The king of Qin was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abandoned the royal power and set up an affair, burned books and buried Confucianism, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny. Husband merger is fraudulent and safe. This statement is not the same as keeping it. The Qin dynasty ruled the world from the Warring States period. Its way was not easy, and its politics remained unchanged, so it was preserved.
There is loneliness, so its death can stand and stay. In order to control his own administration, the king of Qin allowed to discuss the affairs of the world and the traces of the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. Although he is immoral and arrogant, he is still in no danger. Therefore, the three kings built the world with their good names and long-term achievements.
Today, when Qin Ershi is established, the world must lead and observe its government. Cold people are greedy, and hungry people are willing to spoil chaff. The world is noisy, and the capital of the new master is also. This remark is easy for Wei Minren.
Make the second trip to the Lord, be loyal to the Lord, be single-minded, worry about family troubles, and be guilty of the first emperor; After dividing the land into heroes, he will establish a national monarch and glory the world; Empty prison without punishment, collecting sin and filth, makes everyone turn against his hometown.
Send granaries and scattered money to help the poor who are lonely; Give little to help the people; Make a promise of salvation and punishment, so that everyone in the world can turn over a new leaf, practice more and be careful of themselves; The hope of the people is blocked, and the world is freed by virtue.
That is to say, everyone in the four seas is happy, and everyone is in his place, lest it change. Although there are cunning people who have no desire to die, unscrupulous ministers should not be smart and treacherous.
The second one can't do this, but there is nothing that can be done: the ancestral temple and people are broken, and Epang Palace is needed; There are countless heavy punishments, and the governance is unforgettable; Improper reward and punishment, excessive collection. There are many things in the world, and officials are undisciplined; The people are poor, but God has no pity on them.
Then the traitors rise together and flee from top to bottom; There are many guilty people, and the punishment is across the road, and the world suffers. As for the masses who rise up and attack, the people are worried about themselves and are close to poverty, so they are uneasy and easy to move. Therefore, Chen She needs no soup, no warrior, no respect from vassals, and osawa who goes forward bravely, while those who respond to the world are in danger.
So the late king, seeing the same ending, knew the reason for survival. This is the way of herders. It's just a matter of security. Although there is a retrograde minister, there will be no response. Therefore, it is right to say that "it is safe for the people, and it is easy to be right and wrong when it is dangerous for the people." You are the son of heaven, rich and rich, you are in the slaughterhouse, right and wrong. It's also II's fault.
Next article: Qin is also a vassal of more than 30 counties in Shandong Province, and he built the Tianjin Pass to guard against danger. However, Chen She, with hundreds of troops and scattered people, shouted loudly, instead of bowing and halberd soldiers, rushing around the world, looking after houses and eating.
Qin people don't keep the danger, the beam doesn't close, the halberd doesn't stab, and the strong crossbow doesn't shoot. Chu division, fighting in Hong Men, without hindrance. So there was chaos in Shandong, and the princes rose together and stood side by side.
As a general, the ambassador of Qin moved eastward and wanted to leave the city for the three armed forces. The unbelief of ministers can be seen here. Zi Ying was established, so it is not desirable. Let the son be the master, and he can only get a middle-level assistant. Although Shandong is chaotic, the land of Sanqin can be all there, and the ancestral temple sacrifice cannot be lost.
The land of Qin is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and it is also a country that is blocked on all sides. Since Miao Gong, as for the king of Qin, there have been more than twenty kings, and there are often princes and princes. Is this Shixian? Its potential is incredible.
And the whole world is trying to attack Qin wholeheartedly. In this world, wise men and wise men are side by side. Good generals will follow their teachers, and wise men will share their plans. However, they are trapped in danger and cannot enter. Qin Naiyan entered the war, opening and closing suddenly, and millions of people fled to the north and broke. Are you brave and wise? The shape is unfavorable and the potential is inconvenient.
Qin Xiaoyi merged with big cities, defended the dangers and blocked the army, and did not fight on high bases. He closed the door to Eritrea and defended it with a halberd. The vassals all started from the common people, and there was no trip to the king for the benefit of each other.
It is not close, but it is not attached. It is called the death of Qin, but it is actually beneficial. When he saw that Qin Jun was irresistible, he would retreat from the division. Help the people with the case, treat the people with embarrassment, and help the people with weakness, so that the king of a big country will not be complacent at home. You are the son of heaven and rich in the four seas. As a bird, you will be saved from defeat.
The king of Qin is satisfied without seeking, and does not change it. Second, because of it, I will not change it. Tyranny is a serious disaster. Ziying is isolated and helpless. Is it inappropriate for three masters to be confused, ignorant and immortal?
At this time, the world is not without foresight, but those who dare not do their best, banned by Qin customs, and their advice has not died in their mouths. Therefore, everyone in the world listens, stands and keeps silent.
Therefore, the three masters lost their way, loyal ministers did not remonstrate, and the wise men did not plan. There is chaos in the world, and adultery is unheard of. Sad!
The late king knew that Yong's cover-up would harm the country, so he appointed officials, doctors and scholars, sentenced them by decorative methods, and ruled the world. Also strong, no riots. It is also weak, five "signs" and the princes follow it; Also cut it, keep it inside and attach it outside, and the country will survive. Therefore, the prosperity of the Qin dynasty was also complicated and severe, and the world shook; And its decline, the people are resentful and look at the sea.
Therefore, Friday is in good order, and the Millennium is not old; Qin lost its beginning and end, so it can't last long. From this point of view, the security system is far from complete.
The proverb says, "If you don't forget the past, you will learn from the future." It takes a gentleman as the country, looks at the past and looks at the present, participates in personnel, examines the rise and fall, judges the right tactics, is orderly, and changes with time, so the country has long-term stability.
Translation:
The first part: Qin Xiaogong occupies the rugged terrain of Xiaoshan and Hangu Pass, and has the land of Yongzhou. Both the monarch and the minister are firmly guarding the opportunity to seize the power of the Zhou royal family and have the ambition to unify the world.
At this moment, Shang Yang assisted him, established internal laws and regulations, engaged in agricultural weaving, and built defensive and offensive equipment; The implementation of the strategy of balance of power in foreign countries has made the governors fight against each other. Therefore, Qin people easily seized the land west of the Yellow River.
After Qin Xiaogong's death, Huiwen Wang, Xiang and Xiang inherited the inheritance of the previous dynasty and followed the strategy of the previous generation, taking Hanzhong in the south, Bashu in the west, cutting fertile land in the east and occupying very important areas in the north.
Fearful and fearful, the vassals got together to form an alliance, discussed and weakened the state of Qin, spared no effort to collect rare utensils and fertile soil to recruit talents from all over the world, and adopted the strategy of vertical integration to conclude a Covenant, help each other and become one.
At this time, there were Qi, Zhao, Chu, Chun Shenjun and Wei, Xin Lingjun. These four emperors were resourceful, sincere and trustworthy, generous and kind, caring for the people, respecting talents, and reusing scholars. They vowed to break Lian Heng's Qin strategy and unify the armies of Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan.
At this time, Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Doukhi and other six scholars advised him; Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Qiu Chen, Zhao Hua, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi expressed their opinions. Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She are in charge.
They once attacked the state of Qin with ten times as much land and millions of troops. The Qin people opened the Hangu Pass to face the enemy, and the nine armies hesitated and dared not enter the Pass. The Qin people didn't spend a single soldier, and the princes in the world were already embarrassed. As a result, the treaty failed, and the vassal States scrambled to cede territory and bribe Qin.
Qin took advantage of their drowsiness and the remaining troops to subdue them, chasing the defeated soldiers who fled, and millions of defeated soldiers were lying dead on the road. The flowing blood can float on the shield. In this favorable situation, Qin cut off all the land in the world and re-divided the land of mountains and rivers. The powerful countries took the initiative to express their obedience, and the weak countries went to Qin to worship. It lasted until King Xiaowen and King Zhuangxiang, and the rule time was not long, and nothing important happened in the State of Qin.
After the death of the first emperor, his afterglow shocked remote areas. However, Chen She was just a poor boy. He used a broken urn as a window and a straw rope as a hinge. He is a man to protect himself, a slave, and he was moved to the border. Talent is inferior to ordinary people, virtue is inferior to Kong Qiu and Mo Zhai, and wealth is inferior to Tao Zhu and Eton.
Joining the garrison, he suddenly got up from the field, led tired soldiers, commanded a team of hundreds of people, turned around and attacked Qin, cut down trees as weapons, and held bamboo poles as flags.
Heroes in the world gather like clouds, echoing him from a distance, and many people follow him with food on their backs. Heroes to the east of Xiaoshan revolted together and wiped out the Qin family.
Besides, the world has not shrunk and weakened, Yongzhou terrain, Lushan Mountain, Hanguguan dangerous solid, unchanged. Chen She's position is not higher than that of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhong Shan. The hoe is not sharper than the hook spear.
Soldiers who move to the border cannot compete with the soldiers of the nine countries; Far-sighted, the method of marching troops is not as good as that of military commanders and counselors before the Nine Kingdoms. But those with good conditions failed, those with poor conditions succeeded, and their achievements were completely opposite. Why?
If we compare the Eastern vassal states with Chen She and measure their strength, we can't compare them. However, Qin, with its small place, has developed into a national situation with thousands of troops and horses, governing the country and bringing all the governors of the six countries to court for more than 100 years.
After that, he took the world as his family business and Lushan Mountain and Hanguguan as his inner palace. Chen She Uprising, the country perished. Zi Ying, the king of Qin, died at the hands of others and was laughed at by the world. Why? The offensive and defensive situation has changed because there is no benevolent policy.
Medium length:
Qin unified the world, annexed the princes, proclaimed himself emperor in the court, and supported the four seas. Why do all the scholars in the world obey the yearning for admiration? The answer is: since ancient times, there has been no emperor who unified the world for a long time.
The power of the Zhou royal family is very weak. After the five tyrants died one after another, the emperor's orders could not pass through the world. So the princes conquered each other by force, the strong invaded the weak, there were many bullies, the war continued, and the soldiers and civilians were tired.
Now Qin Nandu claims to be the emperor and rules the world, which shows that there is a son of heaven in the world. In this way, those poor people all hope to live on him, and no one admires the emperor insincerely. At this time, it is the key to maintain authority and stabilize the results, whether it is stable or dangerous.
With the heart of greed and meanness, the king of Qin only wanted to display his personal wisdom, distrust the heroes, stay away from the people, abandon benevolent governance and kingliness, establish personal authority, ban ancient books and poems, implement cruel and cruel laws, put deceitful power ahead, put benevolence and loyalty behind, and take cruelty as the premise of governing the world.
To implement the merger, we should pay attention to bullying the market; To stabilize the country, we should pay attention to timely response: in other words, we cannot seize and protect the world in the same way. After the Warring States period, Qin unified the world, and its route and laws remained unchanged, which was the same as its method of seizing and protecting the world.
The king of Qin alone owned the world, so his demise came soon. If the king of Qin can take into account the ancient situation and formulate and implement his own policies according to the road of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, then even if there are arrogant and extravagant monarchs, there will be no disaster of collapse and peril. Therefore, Yu Xia, Shang Tang, Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang have established a country with outstanding names and long-term achievements.
Nowadays, when Qin Ershi ascended the throne, no one in the world craned their necks to see his policies. People who are cold feel good in coarse cloth and short clothes, and people who are hungry feel sweet when they eat bran. The people in the world are crying, which is the performance of the new emperor's ruling ability. This means that hard-working people are easy to accept benevolent governance.
If II has the virtue of a general, he will employ people who are loyal and righteous, and the monarch and his subjects will be single-minded and worry about the sufferings of the world. The mourning period will correct the mistakes of the former emperors, divide the fields among the people, reward the descendants of the heroes and seal the monarch.
Treat the wise men in the world with courtesy, let the prisoners get out of prison, be exempted from punishment, abolish the arbitrary punishment of confiscating the prisoners' wives and children as official servants, and let the sentenced people return to their hometowns.
Open positions and send money to help the poor; Reduce taxes, reduce labor, and help people relieve their urgent needs; Simplify the law, lighten the punishment, give criminals a chance to grasp the future, and let people all over the world turn over a new leaf, correct their evil deeds, and be cautious about themselves; Satisfy everyone's wishes, treat the world with prestige and kindness, and the world will be joined.
If all the places in the world are happy to live and work in peace and contentment and are afraid of chaos, then even if there is a traitor and the people have not betrayed the heart of the country, the traitor can't hide his treachery, and the plot of riots can be stopped.
II did not practice this method, which destroyed the ancestral temple and harmed the people. It is more cruel and heartless than the first emperor. Epang Palace was rebuilt, with more punishments and more severe killings. Officials are harsh and vicious, improper rewards and punishments, unlimited taxes, and too many state affairs for officials to control. The people were extremely poor, but the monarch did not receive relief.
Therefore, there have been many incidents of adultery and fraud, and many people have been deceived from top to bottom, and many people have been punished. People who were tortured on the road confronted each other, and people all over the world fell into pain. Everyone from Jun Qing down to ordinary people is in danger, living in poverty, and there is no peace everywhere, so unrest is easy to happen.
Therefore, Chen She did not rely on the talents of Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang, nor did he borrow the dignity of governors. The reason is that people are in danger.
So the ancient holy king can see the changes from beginning to end and know the key to life and death. Therefore, the way to rule the people is to concentrate on stabilizing them. In this way, even if there are rebellious courtiers in the world, there will be no response and no help.
The so-called "people in a stable state can be righteous with others, and people in distress are easy to do bad things together", that is to say, this situation. Noble enough to be the son of heaven, rich enough to own the world, but unable to avoid being killed, that is because the way to save the overthrown situation is wrong. This is II's fault.
The next part: Qin annexed the princes, and there were more than 30 counties east of Yishan, building ferries, occupying dangerous terrain, repairing weapons and guarding these places. However, Chen She shouted with hundreds of scattered soldiers, without weapons such as bows and arrows, spears and halberds, relying only on hoes and sticks. Although there is no supply, he can eat as long as he sees a house where people live.
The danger of the Qin dynasty could not be prevented, the bridge at the checkpoint could not be blocked, the halberd could not be stabbed, and the strong crossbow could not be shot. Chu Jun soon went deep into the territory, while Hong Men did not even touch the fence-like barrier in World War I.. As a result, Lushan Mountain was in chaos, governors rebelled in succession, and heroes established kings in succession.
The king of Qin sent Zhang Han to lead the troops to the East Expedition, and Zhang Han, with the help of the three armed forces, met the vassals outside, made deals, and plotted against his master.
This incident shows the distrust between Qin Jun and Qin Jun. Zi Ying acceded to the throne, but it didn't come true in the end. If Zi Ying has the talent of a general and only gets a gentle assistant minister, the territory of the State of Qin can be preserved despite the chaos in Lushan Mountain, and the sacrifices in the ancestral temple will not be cut off.
The terrain of Qin is blocked by mountains and surrounded by rivers, forming a solid defense. This is a country under siege. From Mu Gong to Qin Shihuang, more than 20 monarchs often ruled princes. Is it wise from generation to generation? This is caused by the status situation! Besides, all countries in the world once joined forces to attack Qin.
At this time, sages and wise men gather together, good generals command armies of various countries, and wise men exchange strategies with each other. However, when they were trapped by obstacles and could not move forward, Qin lured the princes into the territory of Qin to fight for them. As a result, millions of troops east of Lushan fled and collapsed. Is it because courage, strength and wisdom are not enough? This is bad terrain. Inconvenient.
Qin merged small cities into big cities and stationed troops in dangerous places to defend them. The camp was built so high that it was not easy to fight with the enemy. The gate is closed, the dangerous place is guarded, and the spear and halberd are on the shoulder. Vassals were born in Shu Ren and United for profit, but they didn't have the virtue of being respected and ascended the throne.
Their communication is not intimate, and their subordinates are not attached. Nominally, it means to destroy Qin, but actually it is for personal gain. When they saw that it was difficult for Qin to invade, they had to retreat.
If we can settle our homeland, let the people recuperate, wait for the decline of Qin, take in the weak, help the poor and lead the newly established monarch of the eastern governors, we don't have to worry about not realizing our wishes in the world.
However, they were honored as the sons of heaven and were rich in the world, but they were captured because they did not take rescue measures on the eve of extinction. The king of Qin was content with his merits, and Dont Ask For Help taught him. In the end, he never made a mistake. The second inherited his father's mistake, but he didn't change, so he was cruel and abused, which aggravated the disaster.
Ziying was helpless and in danger, but he was young and didn't help him. Sanjun was lost all his life and didn't realize it. Isn't it right that the Qin Dynasty perished?
At this time, no one had the foresight to understand the changes in the situation. However, they dare not try their best to correct the Lord's mistakes. It was because of the taboo rules in the atmosphere of the Qin Dynasty that their suggestions were killed before they were finished.
So people in the world can only listen with their ears sideways, stand with their feet crossed, and dare not speak with their mouths closed. Therefore, the three kings lost their way, and the loyal ministers dared not remonstrate, and the wise men dared not remonstrate. The world is in chaos, and the emperor doesn't know it. Aren't you sad?
The late king knew that congestion would harm the country, so he set officials, doctors and scholars to rectify the law and set penalties, so the world was governed. If it is strong, it is forbidden to brutally punish rebellion, and the world is obedient; When weak, the five tyrants conquered the emperor and the princes obeyed; Cutting land can be kept inside and attached outside, and the country can be preserved.
So when the Qin Dynasty was strong, many laws and severe punishments shocked the world. When it is weak, people hate it and the world betrays it. The titles of Duke, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong in the Zhou Dynasty were in line with the fundamental road, so they were circulated in China for more than 1000 years. The Qin dynasty lost everything, so it can't last long. From this perspective, the difference between stable and dangerous subjects is too far!
As the saying goes, "the past is not forgotten, and the future is a teacher." Therefore, gentlemen govern the country, study ancient history, research the contemporary situation, and test it through personnel, so as to understand the law of ups and downs, know in detail whether the strategy and situation are appropriate, and make choices in an orderly and timely manner, so the country is stable for a long time.
Main idea of the article:
Guo Qin's theory is a historical theory, and its main purpose is to analyze Guo Qin. The first part, by reviewing the prosperous history of Qin State, points out that the reform plan of Qin State is stronger than seizing the world, and it is impossible to defend the world because of "benevolence and righteousness". In the second part, the mistakes after the unification of Qin dynasty are discussed in detail.
This novella points out that Qin unified the world and ended years of war. Originally, the situation was good, but Qin Shihuang did not formulate correct policies, but burned books to bury Confucianism and ruled the world with tyranny. By the next year, the original mistakes could not be corrected and the country was finally overturned.
In the second part of On Qin, the author continues the last article, pointing out that if Zi Ying can change its original wrong policy, "close the door to Eritrea" and "refuse it with a halberd", it will be able to hold the land of Sanqin, and then "help the people with solid land", and Xu Tu will develop and even restore national unity.
Unfortunately, however, the Qin Dynasty's consistent policy of "keeping his mouth shut" led to "harmony" from top to bottom. Zi Ying was isolated and had no relatives, and it was inevitable that he would eventually perish.
This paper discusses the rise and fall of Qin dynasty and its reasons, and clearly puts forward the central argument of this paper: "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different." Its purpose is to provide reference for Emperor Wendi's political reform.