In order to calculate the distance of time, it is necessary to find the only starting point of Rome and calculate it, so there is? Since Rome was founded? Chronological system. However, the calculation of the completion time of Rome is inconsistent. From 8 14 BC to 729 BC, the difference is nearly a hundred years. Among them, the most popular calculation is Varo's, which is equivalent to 754/753 BC. The Greeks generally accepted Dionysus's calculation of Harry Karl Nassus, starting from about 753/752 BC.
In the later period of the empire, the capital moved eastward, which was generally accepted by Christian historians. Dionysus himself used the starting point of the city construction recorded by Bo Gu in Rome as 75 BC1. Since the founding of Rome, the isomorphism between chronology and consul's name and age has become the core element of Roman chronology.
The political turmoil in the late Republic of China stimulated many historians to write contemporary history. Unfortunately, none of these writers are as lucky as Sa Louste to keep their works alive.
Most of the existing works in the Roman era are general history works, such as Li Wei's History Since the Founding of Rome, Diodorus in Sicily (active around 50 BC)' s 40-volume Historical Integration, Dionysus's The Record of Rome and Bo Gu, and Casio by Harry Karl Nasos? Dior (Castillo, about 163? 230) 80 volumes of Roman history, and so on. These works have the flavor of world history.
One hundred years after the conquest of Carthage, Rome accelerated its external expansion and reached a small climax in Caesar's time. At this time, Rome was no longer confined to the Mediterranean coast, but became a world empire from the two river basins to Britain, from the Sahara desert to the Danube and the Rhine. With the continuous expansion of Rome, Polybius's statement that Roman history is world history has more and more realistic basis, and the Greeks with the tradition of writing world history have once again become the trend leaders of the times.
Polybius's writing practice is a peak of early Greek world history. After him, the Greeks, who lived in the vast territory of Rome and had a tradition of writing world history, continued to write world history from various angles. For example, Nikolaus Oda Maskus (active in about 30 BC) and Magnis (active in about 40 BC), while the philosopher Bosadoni is famous and has a large number of fragments.
His remaining works show that he not only followed in Polybius's footsteps, but also tried to summarize the unity of world history from a philosophical point of view. He believes that the world is understandable, and it also has a certain design and pattern. If you understand this mystery, you can live a good life. As an intellectual in the Roman conquest area, his arrogance towards the Romans is hard to let go. Diodor Lu, a world historian who was later born in Sicily, is much more peaceful and pragmatic.
In that era when the world was changing, Lu particularly emphasized taking history as a mirror and thought that history could? Giving wisdom to young people and the elderly can also enhance the wisdom of the elderly; It not only gives the wisdom of citizen leaders, but also gives the leaders incentives to achieve; Give the soldiers an incentive to serve the country fearlessly, and give the adulterer a warning of condemnation? . Like Dionysus of Harry Karl Nasos, Diodor Lu emphasized that history endows people with immortality and has a long history.
Judging from the popularity of Epicurus theory and the birth of Christianity at that time, it seems that during the period of enjoying Roman peace after the civil war, intellectuals were particularly concerned about how to face the problems of life and death, and the value of historical writing was therefore highlighted. If you can put yourself in the world trend, you will be immortal. Greek writers make history, but few people build cars behind closed doors. Although Diodoru may not be what he said at the beginning of his work? In order to see geography with my own eyes, I have traveled through most of Asia and Europe? However, he must have spent a long time in Egypt and Rome. Emphasizing the use of history is undoubtedly closely related to the expansion of readers.
Polybius imitates the poet and emphasizes the importance of his theme, which everyone should care about, and his writing attitude is also very serious. And * * * and the Greek writers in China's later period, such as Dionysus, obviously responded to their predecessors, emphasizing that their works have reference significance for everyone, but at the same time they also emphasized the readability of history and the pleasure gained from reading.
This prejudice makes the relationship between history and the times closer. The bridge between history and times is undoubtedly education. In the works of Greek writers, it is education that makes great men great. Lu's exposition on the educational mechanism of a good monarchy in history caters to the needs of monarchy in particular. The great changes in history call for rewriting history, and the late Republic of China is an era of reinterpreting and restating history from various new angles.
The 40-volume Historical Integration by Diodor Lu, the first 6 volumes are about the historical events before the Trojan War, among which 3 volumes are the ancient events of barbarians and the other 3 volumes are the history of Greeks; Since then, 10 tells the story of the glory of the Greeks until Alexander's death; The remaining 23 volumes are about the history of Rome, which are devoted to Caesar's conquest of Gaul. Facing more readers, he, like other Greek historians in the late Republic of China, is not interested in traditional political and military history. More content is the origin of various inventions, geographical situation, introduction of various famous landscapes and so on. Today, it belongs to the category of cultural history and echoes Herodotus from afar.
The history of the world created by the Greeks made Olympia chronology the most common method in the ancient world, which was popular until the 9th century. After the rise of the main Christian chronology method, the Olympia chronology method gradually became a secondary chronology method.
The writing of Greek world history also stimulated the writing of Latin world history. Tunguska was born in Gaul? Trogus Pompeius (active around A.D.) wrote a 44-volume world history, which has not been circulated so far, only through Marcus? Marcus Justin's abstract has been passed down from generation to generation. According to Justine, Tunguska's desire to write world history comes from the stimulation of Greek works.
He said:? Many Romans, including consuls, wrote Roman history in Greek, but what about Tunguska? Pompeii not only has the same writing level as the ancients, but also tries to compete with them in order to read Greek history in his mother tongue. Since it is so hard to write the history of individual regions, his efforts to write the history of the world are no less than the courage of Hercules. The Greek wrote down what he knew at will, and he summarized everything according to the theme and chronological order. ? Tunguska started from Assyria, focusing on the Greek world. According to the Greek model of writing world history, Caesar was finally stabbed.
Tunguska was born near Marseille and was deeply influenced by Greek culture. His family was a supporter of Pompeii at first, and his father became Caesar's clerk. So he has different political and cultural influences, which provides favorable personal conditions for writing world history. Regrettably, Justine, the excerpter, took advantage of her business trip in Rome to make this excerpt in her spare time, which made it impossible for us to understand the true face of Tunguska's original work. Tunguska once gave lectures in Rome, and his writing should be quite brilliant.
Justine's extraction criteria are: pleasant reading, ethical education significance, helping people familiar with history to remember and providing guidance for those unfamiliar with history.
The creation of world history in this period was nothing more than the compilation of Greek history and Roman history. There are different opinions about whether to focus on Greek history or Roman history. On the one hand, Alexander, as an ideal king, conquered the East and reached the eastern end of the world known at that time; On the other hand, the Romans expanded westward and seemed to discover the western end of the world. Perhaps in terms of actual territory, the Roman Empire is more vast, but its expansion contains less world spirit than the Macedonian Empire under the leadership of Alexander. So at that time, people compared the Macedonian empire to the bronze empire, which was crisp and pleasing to the ear, while the Roman empire was regarded as black iron and the hardest.