The first origin: from the surname Ji, from the doctor of the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, belonging to the official title.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were three celebrities who took Guan as their surname directly, all of which were compound surnames, namely Jin Wangguan, Lu Guan and Chu Shangguan Shi.
Shangguan, surnamed Mi, is Chu. Wang Guan's surname and surname are both Ji's, and the position is the surname, that is, the official title is the surname.
The official position is Lu's official position in charge of "gifts". In ancient times, a gift was a ceremony to tie a knot in a teenager's hair from the age of 15 to the age of 15, as a symbol of formal transfer from teenager to adult. So the ancients attached great importance to this ceremony and official position. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, every vassal state had this official position.
Wang Guan, the official in charge of the daily life of the monarch in Jin State, later evolved into an official in charge of the daily life of the monarch, and the function in charge of the daily life of the monarch was transferred to "chamberlain" and "eunuch". Qin also has the same official position. In ancient times, the daughter of a vassal monarch was called "Wang Zhu", also known as "Weng Zhu". It is recorded in the historical book "History of Emperor Han Cheng": "The king of Zhou rewarded princes, prime ministers, generals, queens, princesses, kings and officials with thousands of gold stones ..." Zhang Yan's note: "The king is the daughter of the king." Yan Shigu's Note: "If the king is the Lord, then the Lord is also the Lord; Wang married independently, so he was called king. "
Among the descendants of Wang Guan in the State of Jin, some took official titles as surnames and called Wang Guanshi. Later, some people simplified it to Wang He and Guan Shi.
The second source: from the place name, from the official city of Guo in the Warring States period, belonging to the name of Juyi.
Guo was one of the important countries with Ji surname in the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to ancient documents, in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Guo moved his capital from Baoji, Shaanxi Province to Yangcheng (now Sanmenxia, Henan Province). Until the 22nd year of King Hui of Zhou (655 BC, 21st year), the State of Jin was destroyed by Jin Xiangong, the monarch of the State of Jin, leaving behind the eternal legacy of "the lips are dead and the teeth are cold".
Guo had a wide and far-reaching influence on the history and culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty. 192 1 year, Yangshao culture named after Yangshao Village in Mianchi County was a culture in the late Neolithic period, which was distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, showing the period of matriarchal clan society in China from prosperity to decline, and painted pottery with patterns on the surface was one of its important features. 196 1 on March 4th, 2008, Yangshao village site was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Shangyangcheng is the capital of Guo, which is the location near Shang Ling Village in Sanmenxia City, with the Yellow River in the north and Xiaoshan in the south. Legend has it that 4000 years ago, Dayu, the ancestor of China, split rocks with an axe, drained the water of the Yellow River, and formed three doors: man, ghost and god, hence the name Sanmenxia.
Wang Guancheng, the Wangguan Valley in the lakeside area of Sanmenxia, became the fief of the doctors of the State of Jin after Jin Xiangong destroyed Guo in the Spring and Autumn Period. Some of its residents take Juyi as their surname. They are called Wang Guanshi. Later, many provinces were simplified to the single surname Wang.
The third origin: from the official position, starting from Wang Guan in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it belongs to the official position as the surname.
From the end of Han Dynasty to the beginning of Jin Dynasty, there were a group of officials called "Wang Guan" in the imperial court, and their status was called "official" in the Northern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties.
The existence of "crown" and "official" shows that there were two structural systems in the ranks of government officials at that time: candidates and incumbents. In the historical materials of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, people called "professionals" can be seen.
As for the identities of "Wang Guan" and "official", some scholars think that they are foreign officials, which are in the same breath as the "official" in the Tang Dynasty. It is a pity that there are not many historical materials about "Crown" and "Official". However, according to the available materials, some scholars believe that the so-called "Wang Guan" and "officials" probably refer to those who have no real officials. Together with official officials, these people constitute two categories of court officials.
The confirmation of "crown" and "official" is helpful to understand some important aspects of the civil service system in that historical period.
From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the emperors of Xiao Zhuang and the former dynasties were abolished. Due to frequent wars, the dynasty sent an imperial edict to recruit followers more than once, giving corresponding rewards in official ranks. Some imperial edicts at that time involved the "official". According to the historical book "The Emperor Ji of Xiao Zhuang, Shu Wei", in the first year of Jian 'an (A.D. 528), the Northern Wei regime conquered Jung and Gao Xing: "Whoever has the effect of making a name will be appointed as a nine-grade official. If you are self-sufficient and have a private horse to join the army, you will be given two big orders and a real official; Bai Min was born in a superior position, and he was also awarded a real official. If the martial arts are superior, although selfless, they also follow the previous article; Although it is not an exception, those who dare to shoot the skills of Guan Qiaoguan are awarded real ranks according to their origins. If you don't have a surname, you will be born in Bapin, and you will be granted a real official. " In addition to "professionals", the objects recruited in the imperial edict also include new herders and whites. The imperial court rewarded the official rank of the entourage, depending on whether they owned private horses or not, and whether they were "excellent in martial arts". According to the May of the first year of the lunar calendar recorded in the historical book Emperor Xiao Zhuang (AD 529), "Zhao Ma Zhan was awarded by Rong's superior official rank. Ren Xu, and put forward a letter to jung. Jiazi, also known as the official and the people have different ranks. "
The imperial edicts recorded in the historical book "Shu Wei Xiao Zhuang Emperor Ji" are only excerpts, and the language is vague, so there are many intermediate levels, which can only be judged by partial analysis. For example, according to the imperial edict issued in the first year of Jianyi in Xiao Zhuang, the white people who joined the army with private horse fights were "superior in birth, but also granted official positions", so it can be inferred that those who did not have private horse fights were only given "superior in birth" and "granted official positions", not "granted official positions". In the same way, people who join the army with private horses are "superior to the two major ranks, and they are also granted official positions", so people who do not fight with private horses can only be presumed to be "granted official positions", and there is no treatment of "superior to the two major ranks". In this regard, it can be noted that: for all kinds of situations other than employees, there is preferential treatment of "birth", but not for employees; The official's dynasty is only a "superior order" and a "real official", which reflects that an official is a person with a background but no real official. "Shu Wei Shi Huo Zhi" records: "After the funeral of Emperor Zhuang, the granary was empty, so he entered the millet system ... This official lost 700 stones, was rewarded with a big rank, and was awarded a real official; Bai Min lost 500 stones and listened to the first child, 1000 stones added a big step; Those who have no position will lose 500 stones, give birth to nine grades, and a thousand stones will add a big step. "
There is still no mention of "birth" in Xiaomi's reward, which means that "birth" is not a problem for employees and has already been born. As for the white people who entered the millet, the court just gave birth, and the people who entered the millet took a big step, but they did not give real officials; However, those who work for the post are different: because they have been born, they have to "give a big title" and "give a real official" in order to constitute a reward commensurate with the white man. "Wei Shu Xing" also records that among soft-shelled turtles ... Dr. Shangshu and Dr. Langzhong Cui said: "If you see Liu Hui, you will be rewarded with two products, and white people will be rewarded with one product; Servants are free, handmaiden is good. " The record shows that the employee is an existing employee, so when the reward is provided, the employee will get the reward of the second order; But Bai Min hasn't been born yet, so after giving birth (starting from the ninth grade), she will enter the first stage, which is equivalent to the "second stage" of employees. Although officials have a background, they are idle, unemployed and close to white people, so the court called on them to do their best to catch fugitives; Hundreds of officials have their own departments, and they cannot be set aside to undertake the obligation of arrest.
It can be roughly speculated that:
First, the official himself is a person with an existing background and does not need the court to give birth again;
Second, if there is no real official, the imperial court should give preferential treatment to "granting real officials" (for private horses joining the army, they should also be granted real officials on the basis of two excellent orders).
The employee's background constitutes the election qualification and is a leisure candidate; The imperial court allowed them to improve their original class by enlisting in the army, entering the millet or catching fugitives, and gain priority in obtaining real officials. First of all, being born is an official rank, independent of the real official, that is, the career official, which also constitutes the qualification of the real official candidate. But institutionally, there will be nothing but titles without titles.
An official should have the title of scattered official, and his birth rank is reflected in scattered official and scattered number. From the above quotation, we can also see that the original source or class of employees should fall within these nine categories. In Bai Min, even the new herdsmen's exemption households, geisha households and handyman households are all born at grade nine or above, and the level of employees will certainly not be lower than them. Moreover, herders, geisha households and miscellaneous households have become insiders since then if they have obtained the origin of Jiupin.
According to the system of "nine products in the stream and seven products out of the stream" created by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, "within nine streams, people are salty gentlemen", which is the incorruptible literati class; Seven products are "officials of villains", which can be said to be the level of petty officials.
"Official" is not only different from "white", but also different from "official position". They are different from "whites" because they have titles and ranks of dynasties, but because they only have scattered numbers and ranks, they are close to whites without officials. As for "full-time officials", "names are also listed, and calendars are not recorded", and their "playing" is treated separately as a class.
The term "official" is easy to be misunderstood, which makes people mistake it for official or responsible person. Actually, it's not. The word "post" only shows that they are appointed by the court and have a famous position, which is different from civilians, that's all. Broadly speaking, those who are ordered by the imperial court are "professionals", while those who only have scattered numbers outside the professional hall are called "professionals" because professional officials themselves are a class.
There were several pan-imperial edicts in the Northern Qi regime, and we can also see the dichotomy between officials and officials. For example, it is recorded in the Amnesty Order of Emperor Wu Qi in Wenguanlinz: "Kyushu employees go hand in hand at two levels, and domestic and foreign officials go hand in hand at one level." It is recorded in the master's book after the Northern Qi Dynasty: "In the third year of Tiantong (AD 567), in February, the emperor took Canadian dollars and granted an Amnesty. Kyushu employees entered the fourth level, and hundreds of officials at home and abroad entered the second level."
"Wang Guan" and "Guan" are people who can't hold official positions for life. Some of their descendants take official titles as family heirloom honors, call them Wang Guan's by family name, and then simplify them to Wang. This compound surname still exists.