First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated.
Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works.
For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history.
Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation.
In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters.
② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
2. If you know classical Chinese, literal translation and free translation.
Classical Chinese translation refers to translating articles written in classical Chinese into modern Chinese. Classical Chinese translation is an important means to cultivate and improve the reading ability of ancient Chinese, and to check and evaluate the level of ancient Chinese.
There are two kinds of translation of classical Chinese: literal translation and free translation.
The so-called literal translation is to translate basically according to the words in the original text, and strive to make every word in the original text reflected in the translation. For example:
Today, I sincerely call myself Fu Su, Xiang Yan, grandchildren and sing for the world. I should respond more. ("Historical Records? Chen She family ")
What if we really take a vacation now? GD799？ It is said that the son Fu Su and the general Xiang Yan's team, as the advocacy of the whole country, will certainly have many people to respond.
The so-called free translation refers to a general translation that does not completely follow the original words, but only follows the main idea of the original text. For example, the above example can be translated into:
If we really start a righteous act now and pretend to the people that we are the troops of sons and nephews Fu Su and Xiang Yan, and take the lead in the whole country, then many people will respond to us and join us.
Generally speaking, the translation of classical Chinese should adopt literal translation, not free translation.
Second, the standard of translation.
Yan Fu, a famous scholar in modern times, first put forward three principles and standards of translation, namely "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". He said: "there are three difficulties in translating things: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance." It's hard enough to gain his trust. If you don't believe me, even if you don't translate it, will it be okay? What? ……? Trust, reach out and seek elegance. " This is also the standard of ancient Chinese translation.
3. Classical Chinese 1 How to say "understand"? Know: know, understand.
Knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing.
2. Yu: I see.
A simple metaphor is a simple metaphor. -Xunzi's name. Note: "Yu, Xiao Ye."
3. Xiao: Deeply understand the righteousness and unity of knowledge and action.
The wise master was ignorant and thought that his liegeman was splitting in two, lobbying for Li Ling.
4. How to read classical Chinese, understand its meaning and solve problems? Master some commonly used function words, and content words are the foundation; In addition, you can find skills in the topic, such as the first one, the explanation of substantive words, the explanation of some uncommon words is generally correct, but those commonly used words are changeable, nouns are verbs, or the business of expecting words, speaking modern Chinese. These are all places that confuse us. In short, don't panic then, and you can't escape the method of classical Chinese translation: classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise. It can not only examine the application of the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve the reading ability of classical Chinese and students' written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate from the beginning. When we encounter difficult words in translation, we can temporarily put them down until the context is finished. After the full text is translated, read it again and check the corrections to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. The specific methods of classical Chinese translation include: retaining, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing the requirements of classical Chinese translation. "Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" means that the translation should be "faithful" and true, and the original text should be properly translated in modern Chinese. "Vivid" means that the translation should be fluent, that is, it should conform to the grammar and usage of modern Chinese, and the words and sentences should be fluent without language defects. "Elegance" means that the translation should be beautiful and natural, that is, it should make the translation vivid and vividly express the writing style of the original text perfectly. In the process of translating classical Chinese, the principle of translating classical Chinese must follow the principle of "every word should be grounded and straight" and the principle of "literal translation is the mainstay". This requires us to implement every word in a sentence as long as it has a certain real meaning, and to occupy the right position. In translation, according to the meaning and word order of the original text, the corresponding modern Chinese should be used directly to replace the classical Chinese, so that the words can not be separated from the sentence. If the meaning of literal translation is not smooth, we should also use free translation as an auxiliary means. Perfect the meaning of the sentence as much as possible. Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve students' reading ability and written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. The steps of classical Chinese translation should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it. Don't rush to translate from the beginning. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them again when the context is translated. After you have translated the text completely, read it again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. Literal translation refers to the translation of the original text with modern Chinese vocabulary. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text can't be realized literally. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing. "Leaving" means retaining. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places and things, can be translated. That is, delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Fan Kuai, Pei Gong's bodyguard. "Zheye" is an ending auxiliary word, and "complement" is addition. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Make up the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I" with "I" and "er, if" with "you". "Adjustment" means adjustment. Invert ancient Chinese. In order to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, "change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, related words can be enlivened, such as "calm waves" and "calm on the lake". Classical Chinese Translation Quartet In the past two years, the investigation on classical Chinese translation in college entrance examination has changed from choosing right and wrong to translation, which has increased the difficulty of answering questions, and all the questions have been given, as if there is no trace to be found. Play a wonderful Classical Chinese Translation Quartet from the following four aspects: 1. Attention should be paid to supplementing omitted sentence elements in translation. Ellipsis exists in classical Chinese, such as omitting the subject, omitting the predicate verb, omitting the preposition and omitting the object. When doing translation questions, we must pay attention to supplement the omitted sentence elements in the original text first. Otherwise, the meaning of translation is unclear and unreasonable. 2. Pay attention to adjusting the word order when translating. Variant sentences often appear in classical Chinese, including subject-predicate postposition, attribute postposition, preposition postposition and preposition object. Only by adjusting the word order in translation can translation be convenient, otherwise it will be easily disrupted. It gives the impression that "the monks in Zhang Er are at a loss". 3. Pay attention to flexible use in translation. Some notional words in classical Chinese can temporarily change their parts of speech and usage in a certain language environment, which is flexible use. There are mainly verbs, adjectives and nouns, nouns as verbs and nouns as adverbials. We should grasp the temporary meaning of words in translation. Key breakthrough. In classical Chinese reading, some sentences often affect the understanding of the whole sentence because of individual words. This word is the key word. We should understand and comprehend it in the context. To sum up, as long as you work hard at ordinary times and pay attention to the above four points, you can master it flexibly and translate it correctly.
5. How to understand ancient Chinese has its own grammatical rules, grasp the meaning of keywords, and use the accumulated knowledge in class to read foreign language paragraphs [problem solving process] How to read ancient Chinese, understand the content, read smoothly, and recite some basic texts. This is the basic requirement of junior high school learning. We should also study and review with them at ordinary times. Reading and learning ancient Chinese can start from the following aspects: 1. Reading and learning classical Chinese with pronunciation. You have to recite, so when reading and reciting, you should read the pronunciation correctly. Generally speaking, most pronunciations should be based on the pronunciation of Putonghua in modern dictionaries. However, we should pay attention to the following points: 1, look for glyphs and find some words that are not commonly used in classical Chinese. This requires us to carefully identify glyphs and find out pronunciations, and don't take the pronunciations of similar words as orthography. For example, I saw Cai Huangong in Bian Que. The parallel in Peach Blossom Garden doesn't read Zhao, and the Dan in Looking at the other side in Wolf reads d n instead of pillow. 2. Polysyllabic words should be distinguished from their parts of speech. There are many polysemous words in modern Chinese, and reading classical Chinese often meets some polyphonic words, which requires. We should read "Yu", but in the sentence "I am a satrap, so to speak" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, we should take the word "Shuo" as "tell" and read "Shu". Second, punctuation is correct, so the ancients had to punctuate themselves when reading. What I am reading now is ancient Chinese, and the editors all use punctuation marks. There are some small pauses, which are directly related to the correct understanding of the sentence meaning. The way to distinguish pause is to read the whole text, and understand each sentence through the understanding of the meaning of words and the analysis of the structural relationship between words in classical Chinese. For example, there is a sentence in Wolf, which means "One of them (Wolf) sits in front of the butcher like a dog" and should be read. If it is read as "a dog/sitting in front", it means "one of the dogs is crouching in front of the butcher". In fact, there has never been a dog in the article "Wolf". Similarly, "a wolf in a hole" should be pronounced as "a wolf in a hole" instead of "a wolf in a hole". For example, the "river" in "North of Heyang" in Gong Yu Yishan refers to the Yellow River before the Han Dynasty. Generally, rivers are represented by "water", so this "Heyang" means "the north bank of the Yellow River". Now, the "river" refers to all rivers, and the narrowing of its meaning means that the content in today's sense is smaller than that in ancient times, such as ". Children are not included. The transfer of meaning means that the content of present meaning has changed from ancient meaning. For example, in ancient Chinese, "snot" means tears, but now it means "snot". Fourthly, polysemy is common in classical Chinese. When reading, we should treat it differently according to different situations, especially pay attention to determining the specific meaning according to the context. For example, in the sentence of "I don't know how many miles" ("for learning"), there are "distance", "leave" and "destroy", and "go" can only be understood as the explanation of "the distance between the two places". In the sentence "I got 5500 yuan, but I went" (Song Ding Bo Catch Ghosts), "going" is understood as "leaving". Fifth, pay attention to the appearance of interchangeable words in classical Chinese, which is the original text. But it is not wrong for the ancients to use it for a long time and get social recognition. For example, there is a saying in "Yu Gong Yi Shan": "Too much is not good, and it is not good", in which the original meaning of "benefit" is "grace", but if interpreted according to the original meaning, the whole sentence will not work. So "profit" is a general word. When it is said to be "smart", it should be regarded as "kindness". ) "Speech" can be "pleasing", "knowledge" can be "wisdom" (ten articles in The Analects of Confucius) and so on, all of which require us to appreciate the content of the text carefully. Sixth, how to translate and read classical Chinese requires an accurate understanding of the general idea, not just a "rough idea", so it is necessary to translate classical Chinese into modern Chinese to understand it thoroughly. Several points should be paid attention to in translation: understanding the context of the translated sentence and the relationship between the translated sentences. 9996.99999999999 Because the phenomenon of multiple recognition of both real words and function words in classical Chinese is common, and the sentence patterns are also diverse, only by grasping the meaning and context of the original text can we accurately judge the meaning of words and the usage of sentence patterns, and then accurately translate classical Chinese into modern Chinese. 2. Translating classical Chinese into modern Chinese mainly adopts literal translation and free translation. Literal translation is the main method. Literal translation requires putting classical Chinese sentences in the correct position of modern Chinese and implementing them one by one. Even the wording and linguistic features of the original text must be expressed in the translation, which is consistent with the original text. Free translation only requires translation according to the basic meaning of classical Chinese, which is not limited to the implementation of sentences one by one, and even quite different from the language expression of the original text. The specific methods can be mastered. Change it to four. Supplement: it is to add the omitted parts in classical Chinese when translating. For example, the sentence "I am sought, but I have escaped from Qin" can be translated as "(Huanhou) I am sought, and (Bian Que) has escaped from Qin". Delete: It means deleting some meaningless words in classical Chinese, such as tone or pause. Stay: that is, stay, all words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times. Units of measurement can be directly saved in translation. Change: Because the habits of ancient Chinese are different from those of modern Chinese, some classical Chinese sentences, such as prepositional object sentences, attributive postpositions and prepositional object postpositions, are being translated.
6. How to understand that classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of the college entrance examination. Students often ask how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination. I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will
7. How can I understand classical Chinese? 1. Several problems that should be paid attention to when learning the notional words in classical Chinese.
Content words in classical Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals and quantifiers. In classical Chinese, the number of notional words far exceeds that of function words. Learning classical Chinese, the most important thing is to master the meaning of content words in classical Chinese. Only by mastering the meaning of a certain number of classical Chinese words and accumulating knowledge about classical Chinese words can we read classical Chinese smoothly.
When learning content words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to the following points: 1, and pay attention to distinguishing the similarities and differences between ancient and modern meanings. From the right generation to today, the meaning of Chinese is constantly evolving. The meanings of some basic words and general words are few, and the meanings of ancient and modern words have not changed. Such words will not cause us any difficulties in learning classical Chinese.
Other words, though commonly used in classical Chinese, disappeared with the disappearance of old things and old ideas, and the meanings of ancient and modern words changed. This change is mainly manifested in the following four aspects: (1), the expansion of meaning. The expansion of word meaning refers to the expansion of the scope of objective things reflected by word meaning, that is, from part to whole, from individual to general, from narrow sense to broad sense, so that the original meaning becomes a part of the extension of new meaning.
For example, "autumn" refers to extending from one season to the whole year; "Sleep" refers to the extension from sitting and dozing to sleeping. (2) The narrowing of meaning.
The narrowing of word meaning refers to the narrowing of the scope of objective things reflected by word meaning, that is, from the whole to the part, from the broad sense to the narrow sense, so that the new meaning becomes a part of the extension of the original meaning. For example, "husband" generally refers to men in ancient times, such as "does husband also love his youngest son?" Now, "husband" refers to a woman's spouse.
"Smell" refers to all smells, especially malodorous gases. "Soup" generally refers to hot water and boiled water, especially vegetable soup and broth.
(3), the transfer of meaning. The transfer of word meaning refers to the change of word meaning from nail to object B.
For example, "scholar" in ancient times refers to "scholar", for example, "so a scholar can't be cautious without thinking deeply" (You Shan Wang), and now refers to people who have certain academic achievements. "Miss", in ancient times, refers to unmarried women or unmarried women in powerful families. Now, under the background of reform and opening up, its meaning has basically changed, referring to the woman who has improper behavior.
If you call a beautiful young lady, the lady will stare at you angrily to show that she is not a lady. (4) The color of the word meaning has changed.
For example, "slander" in ancient times refers to publicly accusing others of their faults, which is a neutral word. For example, "those who can slander the city and listen to me will be rewarded."
Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi. Now using "slander" is slander, which means to speak ill of others out of thin air. It is a derogatory term. The above four situations are the main types of semantic changes in ancient and modern times.
The existence of a large number of words with both ancient and modern meanings is the main obstacle to the study of classical Chinese. When we study classical Chinese, we must combine the study of classical Chinese works to master the common meaning of a group of commonly used words purposefully, planned and required.
2. Pay attention to the distinction between monosyllabic words and disyllabic words in ancient and modern Chinese. In modern Chinese, disyllabic words account for the vast majority, while in classical Chinese, monosyllabic words are dominant. Therefore, when reading classical Chinese, don't mistake disyllabic words in classical Chinese for disyllabic words in modern Chinese.
For example, the ancient meaning of "extraordinary" in "Extraordinary View" (You Bao Chan Shan) is two words: different. It means adverb of degree.
In addition, don't explain the disyllabic words in classical Chinese alone. For example, the word "worry-free" in Sunset Killing a Hundred Careless People (Feng Wanzhen) is a couplet meaning "probably" and "roughly", which has nothing to do with "nothing" and "worry" and cannot be separated.
3. Pay attention to the polysemy in ancient Chinese. Like modern Chinese, classical Chinese has ambiguity.
If we only know one or two meanings of a polysemous word, it is easy to interpret one or two meanings when reading classical Chinese, and we may make mistakes in understanding. In order to avoid mistakes, we should consciously accumulate and sort out knowledge.
In our textbooks, there is this convenient exercise at the back of every classical Chinese to help us accumulate and organize our works. It must be done seriously and cannot be ignored. With the accumulation of meaning, we can choose the meaning more accurately when we encounter polysemous words.
In addition, we also need to know the original meaning and extended meaning of words. Every word has its original meaning, which is the original meaning.
Later, with the development and change of society, the new meaning is its extended meaning. For example, "wife" means to catch a woman by hand in ancient times, but it is a man's spouse in modern times.
"Sun" means that my son's son has been passed down from generation to generation, but now it means his son. 4. Pay attention to the phenomenon of interchangeable words.
It is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese that ancient Chinese characters are falsified. In ancient times, due to the phonetic similarity, some words were often used together with other words, and the phenomenon that these words replaced each other in use was called "Tong Jia" words.
"Tong" is universal; "Fake" is a loan. Identifying interchangeable words is not an easy task. The earlier the classical Chinese is, the harder it is to read the interchangeable words.
For beginners, the way to master interchangeable words is to read more classical Chinese, look up dictionaries and accumulate knowledge. Second, several problems that should be paid attention to when studying function words in classical Chinese.
Function words in classical Chinese include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and pronouns. The lexical meaning of function words is abstract, but it has many grammatical functions such as expressing mood and organizing content words.
Function words in classical Chinese, especially commonly used function words, appear frequently in classical Chinese and have flexible usage. When reading classical Chinese, we should be good at distinguishing the meaning and function of function words in order to fully understand the meaning of the article.
If function words are misunderstood, it will affect the understanding of the whole sentence and even the whole article. In learning, we should pay attention to the following convenient questions.
1, distinguish between real words and function words. Function words in classical Chinese are mostly grammaticalized from real words.
For example, the basic meaning of "suo" is "place", and later it is extended to "place" or "person" as a structural auxiliary word. For another example, the basic meaning of "zhi" is "Xiang", which was later blurred into pronouns, auxiliary words and modal particles. , become useful.