The four ancient civilizations actually correspond to the four birthplaces of the world. Civilization refers to the two river basins, namely, ancient Egypt, ancient India and ancient China. Four large-scale human civilizations were first born, but the Aegean civilization in the same period was not included. The significance of the four ancient civilizations lies not in the chronological order, but in the fact that they are the birthplace of modern civilization and the influence of their regions.
The birthplace of civilization
Mesopotamia
Ancient Egypt
Ancient India
Ancient China
The cradles of two rivers, Nile, Indus, Ganges, Yellow River and Yangtze River.
The name of civilization has no subject nation and fixed civilization, Sumerian civilization, ancient Egyptian civilization, Indus civilization (Halaba civilization), ancient Indian civilization and Chinese civilization.
Subject nationality without subject nationality
Ancient Egyptians
Halaba people [4]
Aryan ancient Han nationality (Huaxia nationality)
The main relics are Obeid culture, Uruk culture,
Nigada site
Halaba site
Bahrain city
Dadiwan site, Longshan culture group, Yangshao culture group.
The formation time of civilization is about 4000 BC. About 4000 BC, about 3 100 BC, about 1000 BC, tribal society was divided into four classes. About 3000 BC
Time for the establishment of a unified regime
237 BC1year (about 2369 BC)-Akkad Kingdom (also known as Akkad Kingdom), Babylon.
It began in 3200 BC-the first dynasty of ancient Egypt [5]
missing data
Around the 6th century BC, 16 kingdoms appeared in ancient India.
Around 2070 BC (Xia Dynasty) [6]
This country perished in 539 BC, and the new kingdom of Babylon was destroyed by the Persian Empire in 343 BC.
Around 1750 BC, the Aryans invaded and the Indus city-state disappeared. The peacock empire perished in BC 187. After that, foreign countries invaded continuously, and the Buddhist school was destroyed by Yuan in A.D. 1297.
Civilization perished in 224 BC, and the two river basins were Islamized.
In 303 AD, the writing, culture and religion of ancient Egypt declined and disappeared.
Indus civilization disappeared in 1000 BC.
After entering modern times, English became the lingua franca, and Sanskrit disappeared after being invaded by Britain. But Hinduism still exists.
Not extinct
Initial social stratum
Ruling class: a free man with full power
Ruled class: slaves, people without freedom rights.
Ruling class: royal family, monks and nobles.
Ruling class: freemen, slaves
missing data
Ruling class: Brahman, Khrushchev.
Ruling class: Vedas, sudra.
Ruling class: the center is the son of heaven, Xiang, Qing, scholar and so on. The location is Hou Hebo.
Ruled class: people and people.
Early writing
cuneiform characters
hieroglyph
Sealed text
Sanskrit
Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, seal script, official script, etc.
Astronomical calendar
Lunar calendar, weekly system
solar calendar
solar calendar
Summer, lunar calendar
representativeness
build
Hanging Gardens, Babylon, Cuba, etc.
Pyramids, Sphinx, Abu Simpo Temple, Karnak Temple, Luxor Temple, Obelisk, etc.
Taj Mahal sermon cave Hamar mausoleum
Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, Great Wall, Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, Forbidden City, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, Famen Temple Underground Palace, etc.
mathematics
Hexadecimal method
Calculating isosceles triangles and rectangles
Trapezoidal and circular areas; The calculated pi is 3. 14(π). Eucharist character
Arabic numerals (spread by Arabs and actually created by Indians)
Pythagorean theorem, temple decimal calculation, Zu Chongzhi skin, celestial theory (multivariate equation calculation), binary, negative number.
Medical science
Diagnostic manual
Edwin Smith papyrus manuscript, Egyptian Persian papyrus manuscript, Cacheng gynecology papyrus manuscript.
Adapo yoga
Traditional Chinese Medicine (Huangdi Neijing, Shennong Materia Medica Classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Suwen, Compendium of Materia Medica, Qianjinfang, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, Epidemic Disease, Staging of Pathogens, Pulse Meridian, etc.))
Books, code of hammurabi, etc.
The book of death, the book of death and so on.
not have
Mahabharata, Ramayana, Veda and other four books and five classics, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Mozi, Historical Records and four classic novels.