Surname, which marks the family system, is a prerequisite for people to engage in social interaction, involving thousands of households and every member of society. However, the surname we are talking about now is not the same as the original surname, but includes the ancient surname and surname. The surname of the Chinese nation originated in the early days of matriarchal clan commune in primitive society. People think that every clan is related to some kind of animal, plant or inanimate object, which is often used as the name of the clan, that is, the nickname of the clan. This is a totem. "Totem" is an Indian language, meaning "his kin"; Marx wrote in Morgan that in the abstract of a book, it was clearly pointed out that "the word totem represents the symbol and symbol of the clan". Some totems were later converted into people's surnames. Because children at that time knew their mothers but not their fathers, surnames were the titles of clans with the same blood relationship, that is, all members under a clan name came from a matriarchal ancestor. The word "surname" belongs to knowledge, and the ancient style consists of "person" and "fate", which means that a person was born and was surnamed because of fate. The combination of "female" and "sheng" is a surname word, which was first seen in the stone carving of "Curse Chu Wen" in Qin State, meaning that women are born with surnames and born with surnames. Therefore, many surnames in early China, such as Ji, Si, Jiang and Ying, all had the word "female". Surname is a branch derived from surname, which appeared late and originated from patriarchal society. It is the title of the ancient nobility symbolizing the clan system. The word-making method of "Shi" is pictographic, which existed as early as in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and was interpreted as woody, that is, the root of plants; Later, it was renamed surname, which means the source of water and the root of wood. "Zuo Zhuan's Eight-year Hidden Gong" records: "The son of heaven, Jiande, was born in the surname and was born in the ground." In other words, the emperor made a virtuous man a vassal, gave him his surname according to his origin, enfeoffed his land, and gave him his surname according to the fief. It can be seen that surnames and surnames in the pre-Qin period have a very close relationship and are two different concepts. From the social function point of view, the difference between the two is that the surname is the basis for deciding whether to get married, while the surname is used to distinguish between noble and noble. Just as Zheng Qiao, a historian in the Southern Song Dynasty, said in "A Brief History of Tongzhi Clan": "There are differences in surnames, while the noble has surnames, and the humble has no surnames ... Surnames are different from marriage, so there are also differences in the same surnames, different surnames and common surnames. If the surnames are different, the marriage can be passed; It is impossible for people with different surnames to get married. "
In the Warring States period when the patriarchal system of slavery collapsed, there was no difference between surnames and surnames. Surnames have become a symbol of individuals and their families, which is what Zheng Qiao said: "After three generations (namely, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties), surnames became one, so they all bid farewell to their marriage and looked at the nobility. Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty officially mixed his surname in written records. He wrote in the history books that Qin Shihuang said "Liu". From then on, either the surname or both surnames have the same meaning, that is, they actually refer to surnames. Nevertheless, people living in feudal society still have the distinction of nobility and inferiority, and the basis of the distinction is to see whether there is a "view of the land", that is, "seeing the land to see the nobility and inferiority." "Wang Di is a county name commonly used in ancient books, which refers to aristocratic families in counties from Wei, Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties, meaning to live in a county and look up to it locally. With the appearance of surnames, surnames are gradually emerging. There are 15 copies of Shi Ben compiled by Hanshu Yiwenzhi, which is said to have been written by historians in the Warring States period. It is the earliest ancient book in China that systematically records the origin of surnames. Since then, works named after me have emerged one after another, such as You Shi's Urgent Chapter in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were Wang Fu's On Shi Zhi's Family, and Ying Shao's Custom Yi Tong's Family. In the Southern Song Dynasty, He Chengtian's Garden, Wang Jian's Genealogy, Wang Sangru's Hundred Genealogy and Xu Mian's Hundred Genealogy. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, there was Wei Shou's "Shu Wei Guan Shi Zhi"; In the Tang Dynasty, there were clan records, Liu Chong's Tang surname records, Shu Wei's Kai Yuan Pu, Liu Fang's Qin Yong Pu, Zhang Jiuling's Yuan Yun Pu and Lin Bao's Yuan He Shi Compilation. In the Song Dynasty, there were 100 Family Names, Shao Si's Explanation of Surnames, Deng's Urgent Surnames, Dialectics of Surnames in Ancient and Modern Times and Surnames Records. In the Ming Dynasty, there were Wu Shen's Thousand Surnames and Ling Dizhi's Genealogy of Ancient and Modern Surnames. In the Qing Dynasty, there were notes on Xiong Junyun's Newly Compiled Genealogy, TaipingTuHua's Ren surname and Zhang Shu's surname tracing. Although these surname books have some limitations due to the constraints of the times, they can still provide many useful materials for today's surname research. So, how many surnames have China people had since ancient times? According to the report of the semi-monthly talk, "the surnames of the Chinese nation are as many as 1 1939". These surnames have a long history, rich and colorful, and almost all of them have history. They all contain a vivid and interesting story. To sum up, it can be divided into the following dozens of sources: first, take the country name as the surname. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially the Zhou Dynasty, vassal states, large and small, spread all over China, and the royal families of many countries took the country name as their surname. Second, take city, pavilion and township as surnames. City refers to fief, also called food city, which is a kind of land acquisition or fief. During the slave society, it was sealed by the governors as the land of the Qing Dynasty and the doctor, including slaves who worked on it. Villages and pavilions are ancient administrative divisions. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were generally ten miles and one pavilion. There are about 12500 households in each township, and ten pavilions are one township. Third, take the place of residence as the surname. Generally speaking, people who have no land use this method, among which there are many compound surnames, most of which indicate their places of residence in different environments. Fourth, take the ancestors' names or words as surnames. 5. Take Zu posthumous title as the surname. After the death of ancient emperors, governors and doctors, the titles of good and evil were added according to their life behavior, which was called overflow. Sixth, take the title as the surname. A title is a rank granted to a nobleman by a monarch. Seven, take the ranking of relatives as the surname. Eight, take the official position as the surname. Nine, take technology as the surname. 10. Take Germany or Hearing as the surname. 1 1. The given surname is the surname given by the son of heaven and the emperor to his subjects. Taboo is that you can't directly say or write the names of emperors or relatives. 12. changed his surname because of avoiding enemies and disasters. Thirteen, minority surnames and their changes. The original surnames of Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Shi, Jie and other ethnic minorities in the north, west and northwest of ancient times have become single surnames after many ethnic integrations, and some of them have been merged with the surnames of Han nationality. Fourteen Others.
Hundreds of surnames:
Qian Sun Zhao Li Wu Zhou Zheng Wang
Chen Feng Zhu Weijiang Shen Hanyang
Zhu Qin, Xu You, He Lv Zhang Shi
Kong Caoyan Huajin Tao Weijiang
Qi Xie Zou Bai Yu Shui Zhang Dou
Su Yun Pange Xi Fan Lang Peng
Pot-stewed Chang Ma Feng Miao Fang Hua
Ren Liu yuan Yong Bao Shi Tang
Fei Liancen Xue Lei and Donnie
Teng Yin Luobi Wu Hao Anchang
Yue Le shifu pika Qi Kang
Wu Yuyuan Bu Gu Mengping Huang
He mu Xiao yin Yao Shao Wang Kan
Mao Qi is hidden in the north of Miti.
On Song Maopang from Mr. Ji Xianlin
Uncle Xiong Ji wished Liang Dong all the best.
Du Min is a prostitute.
Jia Lu Lou Wei Jiang tong Yan Guo
Mei Lin sheng Diao Zhong Xu Qiu Luo
Gao Cai Xia Tian Fan Hu Ling huo
Wan Yu Zhike strange Lu Mo
Fang Jing, Qiu Miao and Gan Jie
Ding Xuanben Deng Yudan floods.
Wrapped in Zuo Ji Niu Gong
Cheng Yuanxing Pei Hua Lu Rongweng
Xun Yuyang Hui Zhen Wei Jiafeng
Yi Rui Jin Chu Ji Tai Mi Song
There are rich women in the bow and well section of Wujiaoba
Peng Ji behind Mukuigu's car
Quan Xi yi gong
Ning Qiuluan Gan Bao Li Luorong
Zu Five Blessingg Liu Jing Zhan Shulong
Yexingsi roasted Korean chicken neck
Su Bai Huai Pu Tai from Hubei.
Suoxian people come to Zhuolin Tumeng.
Chiqiao is gloomy, professional and pale.
Wen Xin dang Zhai tan gong Lao Qiu
Ji Shen helped stop Ranzai Li Yong.
Quequ Sangguipu Niushoutong
Bian Hu Yan Ji Yong pu Shang Nong
Wen bie Zhuang Yan chai Yan di chong
Mu Lianru learned to love fish.
Gu Xiang Yi Shen Ge Liaogeng finally
Ji Juheng is not all more red.
Kuang Guowen Kouguang Lu Kedong
We are going to fight a protracted war.
Shi Gong photo Nie Chaogou Aorong
Cold-hearted, that's simple and idle.
Zeng Wusha raised Ju Xufeng.
Investigation of Jinghong's backyard.
You Zhuquan protects the Queen Huan Gong.
Wanxiong Sima Shangguan Ouyang
Xiahou Zhuge blasted into the East.
Helian Huangfu Weichilam
A surname Ye Gong Puyang, Zong Zheng
Khan Chun Yu is an uncle Shen Tu.
Gongsun Zhong Sun Xuanyuan Hu Ling
Murong, the grandson of Yuwen
Situsikong, Yu Lu, Xi 'an
The lawsuit is to supervise the car.
Zhuan Sun Duanmu Wuma Gong Xi
Qi Diao le Zheng rang gong Liang
Tuoba Jia Gu Zaifu Gu Liang
Chu Jin performed Ru Yan Tuqin.
Duan gan Li Bai dong Guo south gate
Huyanguihai's sheep tongue is slightly alive.
Yue Shuai has a piano after his arrogance.
Liang Qiu Zuo Qiu east gate west gate
Shangmou Shewa Shang Bo Nangong
Hammer loved Toarey Yang for many years.
The fifth word is hundred surnames.