Secondly, at present, our vernacular Chinese evolved from classical Chinese, with a history of only a hundred years. How can I forget my roots? Third, although we don't use classical Chinese, many words commonly used in our lives have retained classical Chinese, which is difficult to understand without learning.
For example, how many people know the meaning of "forgive me"? See refers to me, the patient. Just, forgive me, just, forgive me.
Thirdly, we can easily find that many ancient poems can still infect us. For example, exhortation to learn, the theory of six countries, and the preface to Lanting collection are too numerous to mention.
Finally, classical Chinese plays an important role in cultivating sentiment. At the same time, there are still many people who like classical Chinese.
I hope you can read more ancient poems. After all, China is famous for its profoundness. But the situation is sad.
The foundation of China culture cannot be lost.
The most direct importance of learning classical Chinese is to take the exam, otherwise it will be bad luck if you don't pass the exam. This is a joke. )
Classical Chinese is the carrier of China's cultural accumulation for thousands of years. By studying classical Chinese, we can broaden our horizons and cultivate our own cultural heritage. Chinese civilization is continuous and Chinese culture is integrated. A lot of knowledge we need now can be found in ancient books. If you don't know anything about classical Chinese, you can't study deeply at all. And classical Chinese is not for people who study liberal arts. For example, if you want to be a physicist, there is a lot of physical knowledge in ancient literature, which is recorded in the form of prose or notebook novels. You need to refer to these documents, but no one will help you translate ready-made modern Chinese, so you can only read ancient Chinese with ancient books. For example, if you want to be an entrepreneur, there are many management philosophies to learn from in ancient times. You need to learn ancient books. Isn't it miserable not to know classical Chinese?
From the perspective of personal cultivation, learning classical Chinese can improve one's quality, deepen one's thoughts, and have an impact on one's temperament and attitude towards life.
So, if you are interested, study hard. If you are not interested, at least lay a foundation. It will come in handy one day.
3. What is the most important thing to learn classical Chinese well? How to learn classical Chinese? In two sets of high school Chinese textbooks recommended by the Department of Basic Education of the Ministry of Education, classical Chinese teaching accounts for 40% of the whole teaching content, and it is relatively concentrated in the first grade of senior high school.
Among them, senior one has 6 units per semester, and classical Chinese has 3 units each; Chinese experimental teaching material for senior one, the teaching of classical Chinese is concentrated throughout the year, with four units in Volume One and Volume Two. With the expansion and improvement of the total amount of classical Chinese teaching, this paper wants to talk about some ideas on how to learn classical Chinese well in combination with the specific requirements of the syllabus.
The newly revised Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Senior Middle Schools puts forward such requirements for classical Chinese teaching: reading classical poems and simple classical Chinese, understanding the meaning of words and the ideological content of works, and reciting a certain number of famous articles. Focus on mastering the usage of 150 classical Chinese notional words, 18 classical Chinese functional words and important classical Chinese sentence patterns.
The requirements of the syllabus have two basic meanings: one is the requirements and methods of reading classical Chinese, and the other is the accumulation and mastery of basic knowledge of classical Chinese. Explain it separately at the next interview.
First of all, the requirements and methods of reading classical Chinese are simply reading, understanding and reciting. Reading, understanding, reciting and reading are the core, key and foothold of classical Chinese learning.
The so-called reading, Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: "Reading is a teaching process, and its purpose is to cultivate students' understanding ability and writing ability. When teaching, the old teacher reads first, then the students follow, and then the students practice reading and sometimes recite. Besides reciting, you can read books. It can be seen that in the teaching of reading aloud, in addition to the teacher's demonstration reading aloud, what students have to do is "follow", "practice reading", "recite" and "read". In other words, reading aloud is a learning process that students actively participate in and explore under the guidance of teachers.
Among them, reading is the key. To study, you must first listen to the old normal school.
What should I learn from the teacher's model essay reading? Please see Mr. Liang Shiqiu recalling his teacher Mr. Xu Jincheng's lecture: xu teacher recited the full text after introducing the author, which was very interesting. ..... Both ancient and vernacular Chinese are like an actor reciting his lines, and he seems to vent all the meanings contained in the text.
He speaks with rhythm, rhythm, emotion, momentum and cadence. After listening, we seem to have understood half the meaning of the original text. A good article has a golden voice, which may be exaggerated, but it must be catchy, but it is true.
It can be seen from here that the tone, stiff eyes, feelings, momentum, cadence and implied meaning of the article should be expressed by reciting. While listening to the teacher's demonstration reading, students will soon get the first and most intuitive impression and understanding of the article, thus stimulating their desire to read aloud, so as to further "understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works."
Tone, inflexibility, mood, momentum, cadence and the meaning contained in words can't be learned at once, but students gradually realize, comprehend and perceive it in the reading process of listening to the model essay, following it and practicing reading. Pay special attention to the following points: first, correct pronunciation.
This is because there are many uncommon words in classical Chinese, as well as interchangeable words, polyphonic words and broken words. Generally speaking, these words are pronounced in the text notes, so read them carefully according to the phonetic notation.
Here we should focus on the problem of "broken reading". The so-called "broken reading" is to distinguish different meanings or parts of speech by changing the pronunciation of words.
For example, "clothing" is pronounced as Y when a noun is used, and Y when a verb is used (dressing); "Eating" means eating, while reading "Si" means giving others food. However, some broken sounds have entered modern Chinese, and there are also notes in general dictionaries, such as beautiful "good" (adjective) reading H m 4 o, favorite "good" (verb) reading H ao, difficult "difficult" (adjective) reading nán, and disaster "difficult" reading nàn and so on.
However, there is no special distinction between some broken pronunciations, such as Ye Gong's "Ye", which used to be pronounced shè, but now it can be pronounced yè. Mastering broken reading is necessary to distinguish the meaning of parts of speech and deepen the understanding of classical Chinese.
Second, pay attention to pause. Including intra-sentence pause and inter-sentence pause.
Being able to correctly distinguish between intra-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses shows a correct understanding of sentence levels and general ideas, which should be achieved through reading in the training of understanding words and sentence meanings. In addition, we should pay attention to pronunciation, reading language, and so on.
In fact, reading aloud is a learning process based on preliminary understanding, which requires repeated familiarity with the text and gradual deepening of understanding until it can be recited. We don't approve of tedious grammatical analysis and mechanical memorization of noun terms in classical Chinese learning, nor do we advocate the so-called rigid execution of words and sentences.
We advocate learning classical Chinese, understanding in reading, understanding in reading, accumulating language materials in reading, and finally making classical Chinese a part of our language habits. In this learning process, reading, memory and understanding are carried out simultaneously.
What we mean by knowing classical Chinese mainly refers to the overall understanding and grasp of the content of the article. This understanding and grasp should be: ① around the whole content; (2) Pay attention to the communication of meaning; ③ Focus on the chapters of the article.
As for reciting, it is also determined by the particularity of classical Chinese learning. Memorization of words, understanding of words and expressions, and grasping the ideological content of works can all be achieved by reciting.
Moreover, concepts and rules are not the most important in language learning. You can speak, write and read without memorizing rules. Language learning means practicing, using and then understanding. Therefore, Chinese learning needs reciting, while classical Chinese learning emphasizes reciting more.
Being able to "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works" mainly depends on the continuous accumulation of recitation. Therefore, the newly revised Chinese syllabus for primary schools, junior high schools and senior high schools stipulates the number of reciting.
Among them, primary school recited 80 ancient poems, junior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems, 50 ancient Chinese poems, senior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems and 50 poems. These articles are all read by heart, so as to achieve the above-mentioned classical Chinese reading.
4. The important position of classical Chinese in the history of literature Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, which is characterized by writing on the basis of words, paying attention to allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "spoken language" (written language). For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, which means to eat.
Before 19 18, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Now we generally call "ancient Chinese" "classical Chinese".
In the history of China for thousands of years, great changes have taken place in spoken English, but the classical Chinese has always maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese can make users of different languages "talk in writing", which is a fixed format but not very difficult way of communication.
5. The important position of classical Chinese in the history of literature Classical Chinese is a written language based on ancient Chinese. The earliest written language based on spoken language may have been processed. Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silk books and other things were used to record characters, while silk books were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words were deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose.
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "spoken language" (written language). For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And expressed in written language, it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. Here, the noun "Fanbu" is used as a verb, which means to eat.
Before 19 18, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Now we generally call "ancient Chinese" "classical Chinese".
In the history of China for thousands of years, great changes have taken place in spoken English, but the classical Chinese has always maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese can make users of different languages "talk in writing", which is a fixed format but not very difficult way of communication.
6. The reasons for learning ancient poetry are not out of date. To evaluate whether ancient poetry is out of date, we must first recognize what era it is. The social basis of the appearance of ancient poetry is that China was in the period of slavery and feudalism, with underdeveloped economy and low cultural popularization rate. In ancient times, ancient poetry can be said to be the fashion of literati. The theme of today's era is economic development and globalization. The rapid dissemination of information is more conducive to social development. Popular culture is more in line with the requirements of the times. From this perspective, ancient poetry does not meet the requirements of modern culture, that is, it is out of date.
However, in the field of literature, ancient poetry has permanent charm, is a historical witness and a precious work of art. People who don't know ancient poetry will not fully understand the history and culture of China. It is an important part of China civilization. To say that it is outdated is to deny China culture from the root. Therefore, in the field of literature, ancient poetry should not be ignored at any time.
Not everything that is popular now is progressive. Civilization sometimes declines. It is doubtful whether the popular culture is progressing now. When people's cultural level is improved, people will disdain to say those words without nutrition.
7. How are classical Chinese, poetry and poetry distinguished? (1) Classical Chinese is wonderful.
Of course, there is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture.
This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese. (2) Classical Chinese is knowledge.
This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely a kind of writing. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).
(3) Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression.
Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese. (4) "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese".
The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language.
"Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later.
"Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style.
The latter's "text" refers to style. (5) Does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is.
When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools.
The application of seal script is also mostly the same. (6) The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history.
In a certain form, once a language-including dialects-has "culture" and "writing", that is, writing, its language charm is reduced, while the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.
(7) In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference.
As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style. (8) When reading classical Chinese, I feel that my thinking is very clear, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, which is very solemn.
China's ancient translation formulas have their own order. Read the whole article first and get a general idea. Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words. If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names don't need to be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence. After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.
Poetry is a literary genre, which expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich emotions and rich phenomena according to the requirements of certain syllables, tones and rhythms. In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs.
It exists in the cultural tradition of human beings, and we have always maintained a high respect for words such as "poetry", "lyricism" and "beauty". Human beings not only have the ability to express their feelings, but also have this need, based on the need of survival.
In this way, lyric poetry is not only an aesthetic problem, but also a survival problem, and lyric attitude has become a category of human existence. With the development of civilization and the emergence of social division of labor, there have been "poets" who specialize in poetry.
The division between poets and non-poets arises from this. Poetry and poets are always associated with some mysterious force.
Poets are considered to be special and mysterious figures selected by and inspired by God. Poetics is about poetry, just as aesthetics is about beauty, it is difficult to have an accepted definition.
If you ask a poet "what is poetry", just like you ask an aesthete "what is beauty", it is difficult to get your satisfactory answer. Poetry is difficult to define, probably because "it belongs to the spiritual world too much, and it is spiritual in space". Poetry can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense.
When poems in broad sense and narrow sense are mixed together, "what is poetry" becomes more complicated. Heidegger is not satisfied with "classifying poetry into literature" and disagrees that "poetry must find its existing form in literature".
This is inevitably a biased theory. Poetry is a kind of language art, and it certainly belongs to literature, which includes poetry, prose and novels. Is there any doubt about this? However, the so-called poems here are only poems in a narrow sense.
There is also a kind of poem in a broad sense. Poetry in a broad sense no longer belongs to literature, nor is it a branch and part of literature.
When we distinguish poetry in a broad sense from poetry in a narrow sense, we can avoid a lot of confusion and the definition of poetry begins to be clear. Poetry in a broad sense is the general name of all arts (including literature as a language art), synonymous with natural beauty, artistic beauty and life beauty, a way for human beings to observe the world, and a way for human souls to inhabit after escaping from reality.
As a general term for art, we can say that all art is poetry: music exists.
8. With the development of modern science and technology, should we learn classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is knowledge.
In his Introduction to Ancient Chinese, Mr. Wang Li pointed out that there were roughly two systems of ancient written language: classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. Classical Chinese refers to "the written language of ancient Chinese formed on the basis of the spoken language in pre-Qin and the language in the ancient works of later writers". Classical Chinese, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, that is, ancient classical Chinese works and works imitating it in past dynasties. Classical Chinese, as a written stereotyped writing language, has been used for two or three thousand years, from pre-Qin philosophers and poems in Han Dynasty to ancient Chinese prose in Tang and Song Dynasties and stereotyped writing in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Classical Chinese is the most basic written language form in China ancient literature.
Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions. In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese.
In the long historical process, classical Chinese has played an important role. It is classical Chinese, which unifies our multi-ethnic country with a vast territory and complicated dialects in written language. Classical Chinese, as a common written language form, records the splendid civilization of ancient China for thousands of years. Classical Chinese is a huge treasure house. The Chinese nation's long-standing culture has been passed down, and classical Chinese has contributed a lot.
China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world and one of the birthplaces of mankind. Over the past 5,000 years, through the creation and accumulation of China people from generation to generation, China culture has experienced vicissitudes, but it is endless, with rich and profound connotations. Needham, an expert on the history of science and technology in Britain, listed China's contribution to the world in many aspects, including 100, and believed that many ancient inventions originated in China. In addition to science and technology, in philosophy, politics, law, religion, history, education, literature, calligraphy, painting, sculpture, architecture. Our ancestors made outstanding achievements in medicine, mathematics, astronomy, calendar, geoscience and military affairs. Such brilliant cultural achievements have been completely and orderly preserved by classical Chinese. There are more than 10,000 kinds and hundreds of thousands of volumes in the Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu alone, not counting those recorded in the Unreceived Bibliography of Sikuquanshu and the general catalogue of series. In this cultural treasure house piled up with "bricks and stones" in classical Chinese, the landscape of Chinese civilization is condensed, the history of the Chinese nation is recorded, the life of dynasties is reflected, and the cultural mentality and way of thinking of China people are revealed. ...
The language system of modern Chinese is developed from the language system of ancient Chinese. Ancient and modern Chinese come down in one continuous line, just like a Yellow River written in ink, winding up to now. The two are the relationship between "source" and "flow", which are both different and inextricably linked.
There are some industries in society that need classical Chinese, such as archaeology.
9. Does classical Chinese need to be translated word for word? Classical Chinese translation should be faithful to the original text and communicate with the past and the present. Loyalty to the original means that every word of the original should be executed. Leave, add, change, delete, supplement and adjust.
1. "Stay" means to remain as it is, without translation. In classical Chinese, all country names, place names, personal names, official names, emperor names, year numbers, object names, weights and measures, etc. Generally, it cannot be translated into modern Chinese. "Depend, teach women to know!" "Ceng Zi said: A scholar must be disloyal."
2. "Increase" refers to the translation of monosyllabic words into disyllabic words or polysyllabic words. "See two worms fighting grass" and "Review the past and learn new things"
3. "Change", replacing ancient words with modern Chinese words. With the development of society, the meanings of some words have changed, some have broad meanings, some have narrow meanings, some have shifted meanings, some have changed meanings and some have changed names. Therefore, the meaning of a word should be determined according to the context of the original text, and the present meaning should not be regarded as an ancient meaning. None of the following translation cases is appropriate.
None of the following translation cases is appropriate. 1. "When I was a child, I could open my eyes and watch the sun."
Qin Shihuang was not mean to his ministers.
The late Emperor (Liu Bei) didn't think I was stingy.
The "meanness" in Example 3 belongs to the change of feeling. This word is a neutral word in ancient times, which means low status and shallow knowledge. Now it is a derogatory term, referring to a person's bad behavior or quality.
4. "Delete" means delete. In classical Chinese, some words are meaningless, such as modal particles, words that indicate pause and fill syllables, or function words that play a connecting role. Although they are indispensable in the original text, they should be deleted and not translated because there is no equivalent word to express them. For example, the words "zhe" and "ye" or "zhe ye" and "zhe ye" should be deleted from the translated sentence, and the judgment word "yes" should be added in the appropriate position. Pronunciation words, auxiliary words forming syllables, signs of inverted structure, words paused in sentences, individual conjunctions, etc. "If you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress will wither."
"Supplement" refers to the necessary supplement according to modern language habits or expression needs.
The first is the supplement of ellipsis. Classical Chinese often omits subjects, predicates, objects, prepositions, conjunctions and quantifiers, and should be supplemented according to modern Chinese habits when translating. The second is the supplement of content. In translation, sometimes in order to conform to the habits of modern Chinese and make the meaning more fluent, it is necessary to add some content.
"Tone" means adjusting word order and sentence order. In translation, we should adjust the word order of verb inversion, prepositional object, attributive postposition and adverbial postposition according to the habits of modern Chinese.