A classic school of medicine devoted to basic theoretical research. When describing the medical classics, Hanshu once said: "Medical classics, the original blood, meridians, marrow, yin and yang, exterior and interior, are based on the source of all diseases, divided into life and death, and coordinated with the application of stone soup and fire to reconcile the various drugs to make them harmonious." There are seven medical classics in Han Dynasty, including Huangdi Neijing, Huangdi Neijing, Bian Que Neijing, Bian Que Waijing, Bai Neijing, Bai Waijing and Bai Bianjing, but only Huangdi Neijing (referred to as Huangdi Neijing) has been handed down from generation to generation. It systematically and comprehensively describes the physiological activities, pathological changes and diagnosis and treatment principles of the human body from the aspects of viscera, meridians, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, therapeutic principles, acupuncture, prescriptions and drugs, and Neijing has since become the basis of Chinese medicine theory. There are physicians and their works who have studied and developed Neijing in past dynasties, mainly including: the interpretation of Neijing was initiated by Quan Yuan in Liang Dynasty; In the Tang Dynasty, Yang Shangshan wrote Huangdi Neijing and Bing Wang wrote Su Wen. In the Song Dynasty, Lin Yi and other "Su Wen Shi Xin Supplement"; In the Yuan Dynasty, Hua Shou wrote Reading Pingqian; In the Ming Dynasty, Wu, Ma and Ma noted the spiritual pivot of Huangdi Neijing, Li Zhongzi noted Huangdi Neijing and Zhang Jingyue noted it. In the Qing dynasty, he wrote and Ling wrote, and Shen Youpeng wrote A Reader of Medical Classics.
The Confucian School attaches importance to the application of experience. Han Shu's literary and artistic annals said: "The classics are cold and warm in herbal stone, shallow and deep in disease, and the taste of fake medicine, which are suitable for qi, distinguish five bitter and six toxic substances, and draw water and fire together to unblock and close the knot, and vice versa." Traditional Chinese medicine developed from single medicine to compound medicine, which was very common in the pre-Qin period. 1972 The medical book Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province is a classic prescription in the pre-Qin period. In the long-term medical practice, predecessors attached great importance to the accumulation and collection of experience in order to continuously improve the curative effect. For example, the book Confucius Cong said, "My husband is a good doctor when he gets a 30% discount, and his son is also a good doctor when he is poisoned by cockroaches. If he is worried about the same disease, he will ask himself what he has done. Everyone has their own views on this and wants to sell it with their own diseases. Who said anything about his side? Hanshu contains 1 1 classic prescriptions, including Tang Fa, Tai Shi Gong Huang Di Fang, Fu Ying Fang and Jin Chuang? Party "and so on. It shows that in the Western Han Dynasty, Jing Fang has become a big faction. The Classic Prescription School became the dominant school in the Six Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty, and the famous doctors at that time all had experience in verifying prescriptions. For example, in the Six Dynasties, there were Chen's sketches, Ruan Henan's, Fan Dongyang's Fan Wangfang, Ge Hong's elbow behind, and the monk's ginseng. In the Tang Dynasty, the classic Fang Jia's three major works were Quan Kun's Ancient and Modern Medical Prescriptions, Sun Simiao's "A Thousand Women's Beauties" and Wang Tao's "The Secret of Foreign Taiwan". Classical prescriptions in the Northern Song Dynasty include Chen's Taiping Huimin Mixture Formula, Xu's Puji Shufang and Yan's Jisheng Formula. Due to the prevalence of empirical formula, Hui Zong in the Northern Song Dynasty also presided over the compilation of 200 volumes of Shengji Tongzhi, and collected about 20,000 effective prescriptions, which was unprecedented in wealth. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was Wei Yilin's "Effective Treatment of Famous Doctors in the World". In the Ming Dynasty, there was the Puji Fang compiled by Judy. In the Qing dynasty, the experiences of later generations were still endless. Based on Treatise on Febrile Diseases written by Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, this paper discusses Zhang Zhongjing's theory of treating typhoid fever (the general name of ancient exogenous fever) and the law of syndrome differentiation and treatment, as well as a group of medical scientists who have studied Zhang Zhongjing himself and the version of Treatise on Febrile Diseases.
Since Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases at the end of Han Dynasty, there have been as many as four or five hundred studies on it in history. The earliest editor of this book was Wang Shuhe of Jin Dynasty, who paid special attention to the study of Treatise on Febrile Diseases from the perspective of treatment. Sun Simiao, a medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, didn't see Zhang Zhongjing's works until his later years. On the basis of the classification provisions of the Six Classics, he also classified the prescriptions and medicines by highlighting the main prescriptions, and compiled Treatise on Febrile Diseases for clinical use. At the same time, he believes that all treatments for colds can't be divided into three methods: Mahuang Decoction, Guizhi Decoction and Daqinglong Decoction, hoping to grasp the essence of Treatise on Febrile Diseases with simplicity. However, Zhang Zhongjing's medical works and skills were not widely circulated at that time. The extensive spread and in-depth study of Treatise on Febrile Diseases began in the Song Dynasty.
Treatise on Febrile Diseases, revised by the Northern Song Dynasty Medical Books Bureau, provided the final version for scholars. Lin Bu, one of the organizers, first put forward the theory of Treatise on Febrile Diseases 1 13 Fang 397. , Han Zuohe, Xu, Pang Anshi, etc. In the Song Dynasty, everyone wrote books and expressed their experiences. For example, Zhu Jun's book Life Certificate thinks that the six meridians in Treatise on Febrile Diseases are six meridians with three yang and three yin, which first touches on the important issues of the essence of the six meridians in Treatise on Febrile Diseases. During this period, it was Cheng Wuji of Jin Dynasty who made a great contribution to the study of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Cheng's Notes on Treatise on Febrile Diseases introduced the theory of Neijing for the first time to explain Zhongjing's theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment, which created a precedent for analyzing classical research methods.
By the end of Ming Dynasty, not only the number of scholars studying Treatise on Febrile Diseases doubled, but also there were many schools in the typhoid school. Scholars in the Ming Dynasty emphasized that Zhongjing was not confined to his "prescription", but devoted himself to expounding his "law", that is, the principle of dialectical treatment. In order to explain the essence of Treatise on Febrile Diseases without following the old routine of Fang Yiyan in the old days, Fang Youzhi put forward the theory of "mistaken simplification" at the end of Ming Dynasty, arguing that Treatise on Febrile Diseases was popular and outdated, and its simplified version was disordered. Although it was edited by Wang Shuhe, there was still a lot of artificial confusion, so he put forward his own idea of re-editing. In Treatise on Febrile Diseases, he deleted Treatise on Febrile Diseases, saying that Wei's stroke, cold injury and camp, and Wei's all typhoid fever are the gist of Zhongjing's original work, which is actually the same as Sun Simiao's three legal names of Ma, Gui and Qinglong. In the early Qing Dynasty, Yu echoed the theory of "mistaken simplification" and changed Fang Youzhi's thought into the theory of "three cardinal guides", that is, taking "typhoid fever in winter and moon" as the key guide, and taking the sun meridian as the key guide in the six meridians of typhoid fever. Yu paid more attention to the arrangement of "law" and revised the 397 law of typhoid fever on the basis of Fang's Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Since then, Zhang Lu, Wu, Cheng Yingchuo, Zhou Yangjun, etc. They have even reconciled with each other, and later generations call the scholars of this school "the school of error simplification and reordering". They were critical of Wang Shuhe and Cheng Wuji, which caused opposition from other doctors. For example, Chen and his disciples and Zhang Xiju in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties were in tit-for-tat with the typo Jane School, and thought that the compilation and annotation work done by Cheng Wuji was helpful to Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases; This book is all Zhongjing's original text, which is by no means a misinformation. Taking away random editing is not recommended. Zhang and his disciples also have a lot of experience in explaining Zhongjing's method. In the late Qing Dynasty, Chen Xiuyuan basically agreed with this view, so in modern times, they are usually called "schools that maintain old theories".
There are also many disputes about the essence of the six classics of Treatise on Febrile Diseases and how to better summarize the essence of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Zhu's arm took the six meridians as the classics, and in the Qing Dynasty, Wang Hu responded in the Notes on Syndrome Differentiation of Treatise on Febrile Diseases: "Typhoid must be transmitted through the meridians, and Zhongjing is divided into six meridians, but there is no' Lingshu' meridian." Therefore, he added or deleted the syndromes of six meridians from the perspective of meridians. Zhang Zhicong, who maintained the old school of theory, and Huang Yuanyu, who simplified the wrong school, have the same view on the essence of the Six Classics, that is, analyzing the Six Classics with the Six Qi and connecting the Six Qi with the zang-fu organs. In Qing Dynasty, Ke Yunbo did not agree that Zhu's six meridians were the source of meridians. He thinks that the Six Classics are "Classics in Classics, not Classics in Classics", opposes the division of the three cardinal guides and five permanents and the three-nine-seven-law, and advocates unifying all the provisions about Guizhi decoction into Guizhi decoction syndrome. Later, Xu Dachun followed suit, saying that Zhongjing wrote only a cube with evidence, and there was no certain order at all, so he classified Guizhi decoction, Mahuang decoction and other 12 kinds of soups into Treatise on Febrile Diseases 1 13, forming a well-defined school. Different from the Israeli certificate, the French certificate is represented by Huang Qian and You Yu in Beijing in Qing Dynasty. You Shi's Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases, Touzhu Collection, is not as rigid as other typhoid writers, but takes a different approach, summarizing Sanyang articles with eight methods, namely, the right method, contingency, reconciliation, rescuing the inverse, treating diseases in a miscellaneous way and needling, and saying that all methods are like pearls, which runs through the whole theory. In addition, Shen, Bao Cheng and others advocated the classification of syndromes. The academic viewpoints of the Febrile Diseases School are contending, and various schools have discussed the theoretical framework, essence of six meridians, methods of syndrome differentiation and treatment essence of Treatise on Febrile Diseases from different angles, which greatly improved the clinical level of traditional Chinese medicine and activated physicians' thinking on syndrome differentiation and treatment. A school named after its founder Liu comes from Hejian, Hebei Province. Liu was born in the Northern Jin Dynasty during the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties. He is a pioneer in explaining the pathogenesis of fiery heat and treating its symptoms. He is the author of Mystery of Primary Pathogenic Type, Prescription Theory, Pathogenesis Collection, Saving Qi and Saving Life, Theory, Treatise on the Mind of Typhoid Specimens, Secret of Protecting Children, etc. There are Zhang Congzheng and Zhu Danxi in the school. They not only inherited Hejian's learning, but also made their own innovations and became outstanding families. Later generations even referred to Liu and Liu as the four schools of Jin and Yuan Dynasties.
Hejian School, represented by Wei Liu, is a medical school whose core content is to explain the pathogenesis of fiery heat. It began with the study of exogenous diseases and pathogenic fire, and later evolved into the study of internal injuries and yin deficiency and pathogenic fire. It promoted the development of TCM pathogenesis theory and laid the foundation for the later school of febrile diseases.
Liu's fiery theory originated from nineteen pathogenesis in Su Wen Re Lun and Su Wen Zhi Zhen Da Lun. The main argument of fiery theory is that "all six qi can turn into fire". Clinical application can be divided into exterior syndrome and exterior syndrome. If the exterior syndrome is serious, pungent and cool, sweet and cold methods can be used to relieve exterior sweating. If the room is hot, use the following methods to solve it; If it's hot inside and outside, use Fangfengtong powder and Geliang powder to relieve it. Since the end of vegetarianism, the prescriptions for discussing fiery diseases have become a school of fiery theory.
There are Dahuang, Ma Zongsu, Jingshan Pagoda, Luo Zhidi from Pagoda, Zhu Danxi from Luo Zhidi, Zhao Daozhen, Zhao Yide, Yu Chengzhai, Dai Yuanli, Lv Wang and Liu Shuyuan from Danxi, among which Zhu Danxi is the most famous. Zhang Congzheng, Ge Yong, Chongqing, etc. Zhang Congzheng was one of the scholars who learned to become private scholars, and he had the greatest influence. Although Zhang Congzheng said that "the wind rises from cremation, both dryness and dampness are involved", many prescriptions prescribed by Jiangsu and Anhui in clinical use do not all emphasize "merger and assimilation". It is said that it is not caused by the human body, whether it is hot or not, it is evil. He advocated doing everything possible to eliminate evil and attack evil as soon as possible, and at the same time advocated sweating and spitting to attack evil. The three methods are also divided into exterior and interior, manifested as sweating, vomiting or falling indoors, especially the vomiting method is handy. It shows that studying Hejian and developing Hejian studies have become masters of attacking evil theorists.
Liu's second disciple, inspired by the theory that "Yang is abundant but Yin is insufficient", turned the fire evil of six evils into the fiery heat of internal injuries. The so-called "excessive yang" means that the fire is easy to act rashly, and the fire is easy to hurt the yin essence, that is, "yin is often insufficient", so the methods of nourishing yin and purging fire are put forward. It changed the fiery theory of Hejian into the theory of nourishing yin, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. Throughout Hejian School, Liu, Liu and Liu are the three most representative schools. His theory of fiery heat, attacking evil and nourishing yin are all the same, and each has its own invention and clever use, which is enough to learn from. Yishui School originated in Jin Dynasty. Because its founder Zhang was from Yixian County, Hebei Province, it was called Yishui School. This school is represented by Zhang's Jiegu Pearl Capsule, Medical Origin, Jiegu, Spleen and Stomach Theory, Secret Collection, Differentiation of Internal and External Injuries and Tianyi Luo's Health Preservation Collection. Famous artists such as Wang, Xue Ji, Li Zhongzi, Zhang Lu and Zhao Xianke are also descendants and scholars of this school. The academic contention and mutual respect between Yi School and Hejian School have become a much-told story in the medical history of China.
Yishui school, represented by Zhang, pays attention to the study of pathogenesis and syndrome differentiation of viscera. The study of Su Wen first spread to He Wang, and the study of it spread to Tianyi Luo. Scholars in Li Dongyuan include Xue Ji, Zhang Jingyue and Li Zhongzi. Zhao Xianke is also a private school scholar. Scholars handed down from ancient times include Gao, Dong Feiweng and Lu Wancun. Zhang Lu accepted Xueji and Zhang Jingyue's academic thought. Li Zhongzi's knowledge was first passed on to Shen Langzhong, then to Ma Yuanyi, and the third was especially on Jingjing. The relationship between teachers and students of Yi School is generally the same, among which Zhang, Zhang, Xue Ji, Li Zhongzi and Zhao Xianke are the most famous. On the basis of syndrome differentiation of zang-fu organs in Lingshu and Zhong Zang Jing, Zhang analyzed the occurrence and evolution of diseases and discussed the pathogenesis of zang-fu organs deficiency and excess based on his own clinical practice, which was the most successful doctor at that time. In the aspect of prescribing and delivering medicine, he invented the theory of sexual taste and quoting classics, which is really worthy of being a master of a generation. Li Dongyuan founded the argument that all diseases are caused by internal injuries of the spleen and stomach. Spleen and stomach are the source of vitality, and fire is the thief of vitality. "Fire and vitality are incompatible, and a victory is a loss." Therefore, the prescription of tonifying yang and purging fire was invented, which was called the pioneer of the school of tonifying soil by later generations. Theoretically, it belongs to the School of Medical Classics, but clinically, it deeply believes in Zhang He, advocates the theory of "excess of yang and deficiency of yin", and makes various famous prescriptions such as Zuogui Pill, Gui You Pill, Zuogui Drink, Gui You Drink, etc., thus becoming a master of both yin and yang. Xue Ji was a great clinician in Ming Dynasty. His academic thought originated from Zhang, Zhang and Zhang, and inherited them at the same time, attaching importance to fire and water in kidney, and paying equal attention to spleen and kidney in clinic. Li Zhongzi paid attention to it for two days, both like Dongyuan and Jingyue. Although Zhao Xianke is a scholar in Xue Ji's private school, his theory of kidney life and fire and water is original, and he puts forward that "each kidney is between one inch and five minutes" as the life gate, and extensively expounds Liuwei Pill and Bawei Pill, summarizing the spleen and stomach by kidney life, but it is slightly different from Xue Ji's academic thought. Julian Waghann is unique from Zhang, but Yang deficiency and three yin syndromes. Yishui school also pays special attention to the deficiency of essence, especially the deficiency of spleen and kidney. Its clinical treatment tends to warm and tonify, so people call it warm and tonify school. An academic school that studies fever. Epidemic febrile disease refers to an exogenous febrile disease with acute onset, intense fever, rapid spread and easy to turn dryness into yin injury, including wind-temperature, epidemic febrile disease, warm toxin, spring-temperature, summer-temperature, summer-heat, wet-temperature, autumn-dryness, warm malaria and latent febrile disease. Epidemic febrile diseases is based on "the rule of law of typhoid doctors is ineffective", and it has been developed through practice accumulation and theoretical sublimation. Its representative figures are Ye,,, and so on. Representative works include Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Treatise on Dampness and Heat, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Treatise on Warming Classics. Because the category of epidemic febrile diseases also belongs to exogenous fever, but unlike typhoid fever, there was academic debate when the school of epidemic febrile diseases rose. Experts on epidemic febrile diseases mainly study the unique transmission law of epidemic febrile diseases, diagnostic methods such as tongue diagnosis and dental diagnosis, and prescriptions based on syndrome differentiation. However, the theory of febrile diseases is not limited to the treatment of febrile diseases, but also has certain guiding value for the syndrome differentiation and treatment of miscellaneous diseases. The theory of febrile diseases has pushed the theory of traditional Chinese medicine to a new height.
Hejian School in Jin and Yuan Dynasties played an important role in the history of febrile diseases. Since Liu advocated that "fever can only be treated by heat, but not by cold medicine", his disciples Ma Zongsu's Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Chonghong's Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Changde's Daotong have all elaborated on this, holding that the only way to treat heat is from the exterior to the interior, and using cold medicine to express the benefits of attacking the interior, forming a "cold and cool school". Since then, Wang Lu also mentioned that febrile diseases "feel the evil spirit of heaven and earth" in his Records of Miscellaneous Diseases of Febrile Diseases in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and proposed that "warming summer heat should promptly treat cold epidemics, warm malaria, wind and temperature, warm toxin and warm diseases, and never treat all diseases with six channels of typhoid fever". At this time, the common saying in the diagnosis and treatment of exogenous febrile diseases is: "Exogenous febrile diseases are in Zhongjing and febrile diseases are in Hejian", which shows that the treatment of exogenous typhoid and febrile diseases has gradually separated. In fact, Hejian school is the pioneer of epidemic febrile disease school.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, fever prevailed, and various medical treatments for typhoid fever were ineffective. This new problem has promoted the theoretical breakthrough of febrile diseases. On the basis of practice, Wu Youke pointed out that epidemic febrile diseases were prevalent at that time, not typhoid fever, and it was very effective to treat them because of the epidemic. So he wrote "On Epidemic Febrile Diseases", suggesting that epidemic febrile diseases are a feeling of rage. He discussed the entrance (nose and mouth), the place (guest film) and the special way of the spread and change of hostility. It is advocated that epidemic febrile diseases and typhoid fever should be strictly distinguished, and the treatment should focus on promoting diuresis (removing membrane) and removing filth (eliminating pathogenic factors and excreting filth). It is also suggested that you should never be tired and sweaty early when you have a febrile disease, and you should always take care of body fluids. These thoughts greatly inspired the later febrile scientists. Since then, Dai in the early Qing Dynasty has expounded the symptoms of febrile diseases on the basis of Wu You Ke Yuan, and distinguished febrile diseases from typhoid diseases by distinguishing qi, color, tongue, spirit and pulse. His treatment includes five methods: sweating, purgation, cleaning, reconciliation and tonic. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the plague reappeared. At that time, Yu believed that febrile diseases were caused by yin-heat of luck, which entered the stomach and spread on the twelve meridians. Therefore, the creation of Qingwen Baidu drink, the reuse of gypsum, purging the fire inside and outside the meridians, and also solving the problem of macula. During this period, the number of scholars studying epidemic febrile diseases gradually increased. Scholars have a certain understanding of the causes and symptoms of epidemic febrile diseases, but the pathogenesis theory has not been unified and there is still a lack of clear research.
After the middle of Qing dynasty, physicians' understanding of febrile diseases was further improved. The core figures are Ye,,,. Ye, a clinical master, believes that new pathogenic heat should be transmitted to the affected lung and pericardial meridian. It is also proposed that the lung governs qi, which belongs to Wei, and the heart governs blood, which belongs to camp. He divided the pathological process of warm pathogen entering human body into four stages: Wei, Qi, Ying and Blood. Put forward the dialect spirit and dialect blood after the persistence; Pathogen is in prevention, sweating can be solved, but in qi, it can clear qi; When you enter the camp for the first time, you should clear your breath and penetrate the camp, that is, enter the blood, cool the blood and disperse the blood, and so on. His remarks are reflected in The Theory of Warmth compiled by his disciples. The dialectical system of defending qi and nourishing blood is also established. In addition, Ye is checking the tongue, teeth and spots. There are also many opinions in other aspects. Ye's contemporaries also had a systematic understanding of damp disease, one of the epidemic febrile diseases, in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation and treatment, which further improved the theory of epidemic febrile diseases.
Since then, Wu Jutong and Wang Mengying have contributed to the development of the theory of epidemic febrile diseases. On the basis of in-depth study of Ye's medical records, combined with his own experience, he wrote "Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases", which is the beginning of systematic theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment of epidemic febrile diseases. According to the spread of epidemic febrile diseases, he divided it into three stages from top to bottom: upper jiao, middle jiao and lower jiao, and established the syndrome differentiation program of triple jiao. In essence, triple energizer syndrome differentiation combined with zang-fu organs discusses the location and potential of the disease, revealing the relationship and influence between the pathogenesis of zang-fu organs in the course of febrile diseases. He took the three methods of dredging collaterals, clearing camp and nourishing yin as the main principles, and summarized a series of famous prescriptions suitable for treatment, such as Sangjuyin and Yinqiao Powder, thus establishing a theoretical system of the school of febrile diseases including etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Wang Mengying's contribution to the Warm Current School is mainly reflected in the book Warm Current Jingwei. The book collected the most famous typhoid fever theories at that time, taking Neijing and Treatise on Febrile Diseases as classics, taking Ye and Ye as latitudes, extensively collecting the theories of typhoid fever experts in the Qing Dynasty, and attaching comments from Wang himself, drawing on the strengths of various schools, which played a great role in summarizing and popularizing typhoid fever theories. At this point, epidemic febrile diseases entered a mature stage. A school of physicians who advocated the integration and exchange of Chinese and western medicine in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Under this theme, there are attempts to converge in theory; Clinically, there are comprehensive users of Chinese and western medicine; There are also those who advocate improving Chinese medicine or making it scientific. Because of their lack of in-depth understanding of the different theoretical systems of Chinese and western medicine, the theory and practice of this school have only been displayed for a period of time and have not been handed down. But for a while, the scholars of this school devoted themselves to running schools and journals, aiming at developing Chinese medicine by accepting new knowledge and learning from each other's strengths. Under the historical conditions at that time, they also played a role in cultivating talents of traditional Chinese medicine and spreading Chinese medicine academics. In addition, Huitong School became the forerunner of the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine.
Western medicine poured into China in the middle and late19th century and gradually formed. Western powers established some hospitals, medical schools and pharmaceutical factories after gaining the privilege of freely entering and leaving China's trading ports. Introduce all kinds of western medicine books, including basic medicine and clinical medicine, attract foreign students and send missionaries and doctors to China. The differences between the two medical systems in thinking mode, theoretical system and research method will inevitably affect the development prospect of traditional medicine. Due to different motives and methods, the school of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine has different ideas and methods, and also has different depth and breadth in the process of integration.
One school thinks that the traditional system of Chinese medicine is a perfect system, which is superior to western medicine. But they have to admit that there are some things worth learning in the western medicine system, and learning these things is mainly to maintain the inherent system of Chinese medicine and not to get lost in the impact of the western medicine wave. The main representative of this school is Tang Rongchuan. Although he also said that "Western medicine also has its strengths, and Chinese medicine also has its weaknesses", he hoped that "there is no territorial view, but we must compromise", but he believed that Chinese medicine has developed to the stage of "gasification" and surpassed the anatomical stage. This convergence is relatively primary, and it can even be said that the appearance is close to the spirit.
Another trend of thought holds that Chinese medicine and western medicine have their own advantages and disadvantages, and they need to learn from each other and absorb each other's advantages, so that Chinese medicine can continue to develop and improve and reach a new stage. Some people think that the two can be integrated to form a new system. This trend of thought is dominant in the history of modern medical development in China. Representative figures are Zhu Peiwen, Yun Tieqiao, Yang Zemin and Zhang Xichun, all of whom have studied the knowledge of western medicine to varying degrees.
Zhu Peiwen believes that the two systems have their own advantages and disadvantages mainly from the perspective of physiological anatomy. "Every system has its own right and wrong and cannot be biased. Suitable for China, suitable for foreigners. Regarding China's Confucianism, it is good and poor, not good, and the western wise people are good and poor. " He opposed "empty talk about fame and reason" and attached importance to "observing officials and bones", and advocated combining the two. But his Huitong has not yet reached the stage of clinical application.
Yuntieqiao has made in-depth study and research on western medicine, and theoretically expounded the significance of the integration of Chinese and western medicine. On the one hand, he argued with the fallacy of completely denying and eliminating Chinese medicine in his works to safeguard the survival rights and interests of Chinese medicine; On the other hand, it is advocated that "to prosper Chinese medicine, it is necessary to communicate between China and the West, learn from each other's strengths" and "combine the strengths of Western medicine to produce new Chinese medicine". It is considered that this kind of Chinese medicine is neither Chinese nor western medicine, but also a combination of Chinese and western medicine. His representative works include Classic Wisdom Record, Physiological Newspeak and On Pulse.
Zhang Xichun not only tried to combine traditional Chinese and western medicine in theory, but also put it into practice in clinic, especially in the aspect of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine, and created some therapeutic prescriptions of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine. His masterpiece is Learning from the West in Medical Care. Yang Zemin's Review of Neijing Philosophy mainly discusses the perfection of Chinese medicine theory and the interaction between syndrome differentiation and disease differentiation of Chinese and western medicine from a philosophical point of view.
The theory of Huitong school has formed a powerful trend that can not be ignored in the history of modern Chinese medicine development. Modern Chinese medicine scholars are mostly involved in this trend of thought consciously or unconsciously.