The discovery of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the most spectacular archaeological achievements in China, which fully shows the artistic talent of our people more than 2,000 years ago, is the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation, and is known as "the eighth wonder of the world".
Qin Shihuang won the surname Zhao, the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. He was born in Handan, Zhao in 259 BC. In 246 BC 13 years old, he became king of Qin, and was crowned king of Qin at the age of 22.
Qin Shihuang was an outstanding politician and strategist in the history of our country. The six vassal states of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi were eliminated successively, which completely ended the history of the Warring States and established the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized county-level Qin Dynasty in the history of China.
Qin Shihuang, the omnipotent monarch, not only left great achievements to future generations, but also left a mysterious royal cemetery. Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the first royal cemetery in China, which is famous for its large scale and rich tombs.
The scale and boldness of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum project initiated the luxurious burial of feudal rulers in previous dynasties.
In the south of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, the mountains are lush. The north twists and turns, like the Weihe River where the silver snake is located. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall mausoleum and Mount Li are integrated, with beautiful scenery and unique environment.
The mausoleum is large in scale and imposing, with a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. The original height of the land on Lingshang is115m, and the rest is 76m.
There are two walls inside and outside the cemetery. The circumference of the inner city is 3840m, and that of the outer city is 62 10/0m. The inner and outer city walls are about 8 meters to 10 meters high, and there are still relics. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall are built in the north.
During the Warring States period, some monarchs' cemeteries were often designed and built with graphics. The construction of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum should also be planned, and the cemetery should be selected first before drawing.
Mount Li is famous for its unique hot springs and scenery. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Youwang and his beloved concubines praised him for putting on a historical tragedy here, thus ruining the Western Zhou Dynasty.
According to legend, Qin Shihuang met the goddess in Lishan before his death and wanted to play the goddess in the tour. In a rage, the goddess spat on his face, and Qin Shihuang soon developed sores.
Although this is a fairy tale, it can be vaguely seen that Qin Shihuang and Mount Li seem to have some fate.
The ancients regarded the choice of cemetery as a great event for the benefit of future generations, especially Qin Shihuang, a feudal emperor who tried to popularize it throughout the ages, naturally paid more attention to the location of cemetery.
The reason why Qin Shihuang was buried on the side of Lishan Mountain was explained by Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty:
Qin Shihuang held a grand funeral and built a Lantian tomb on Mount Lirong. Its yin is rich in gold and its yang is rich in beautiful jade. The first emperor was greedy for his good name, so he buried it.
However, some people think that the selection of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang in Lishan depends on the ritual system at that time. The establishment of the location of the mausoleum is not unrelated to the location of the tombs of previous generations of kings in Qin State. The tombs of Qin Shihuang's ancestors and Empress Dowager were buried in Zhiyang, west of Linzhang County, and the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was chosen in Lishan, east of Zhiyang, which was decided by the ritual system at that time, because the tombs of ancient emperors were often arranged according to their ages.
From about the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassals of various vassal states began to build tombs by mountains one after another. Many monarchs' tombs face the mountains and the water, or face the plains with wide horizons, and even some monarchs' tombs are simply built on the top of the mountain to show their lofty status and majesty of imperial power.
The Qin tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period were also influenced by this concept, some were buried in Xishan and some were buried near Lingshan. During the Warring States Period, the Qin Mausoleum still inherited the mode of building a mausoleum by the mountain, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built on Mount Li, which completely conformed to the traditional concept of building a mausoleum by the mountain. It is backed by Mount Li and faces the Weihe River. This area has a beautiful natural environment.
The whole Lishan Mountain is only from Lintong County to Ma 'e section, where the sea is high, the mountains are undulating and mountainous.
Looking from the north bank of Weihe River, this mountain range is symmetrical from left to right, like a huge screen standing behind the first imperial mausoleum, standing at the top of the mausoleum and looking south. This mountain range is arc-shaped, and the mausoleum is surrounded by the peaks of Mount Li, which is integrated with the whole Mount Li.
On the east side of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, there is artificially transformed fish pond water, which is recorded in the Water Classic Note:
Water flows from the northeast of Lishan Mountain, and its source is northward. Qin Shihuang was buried in the north of the mountain, and the water was winding. The east note turned to the north, and the first emperor built a tomb to borrow soil. The land is deep and the water accumulates into a pond, which is called a fish pond. The northwest flow of the pool water passes through the north of the first emperor's tomb.
It can be seen that the fish pond water originally came from the northeast of Lishan Mountain, and the water flowed from south to north. Later, when the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built, an east-west dam was built in the southwest of the mausoleum. The dam is 1000 meters long, generally 40 meters wide, 70 meters at its widest point and 2 to 8 meters high. It is what people usually call Wuling site.
It is this dam that turned the fish pond water originally from the northeast of Lishan Mountain into a northwest flow, bypassing the northeast of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
It can be seen that the hot springs of that year corresponded to the fish pond water in the northwest. It is not difficult to find that the geomantic features of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum are that the back mountain faces south, and the east, west and north are surrounded by water on three sides.
In addition, if you look down from the air, it looks like a dragon from Mount Li to Huashan, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is just in the position of the dragon's eye. Since ancient times, there has been a saying in China that "the finishing touch". Is it because the ancients had the ability to "foresee", or is it because the wind of the future generations is too strong?
Qin dynasty is a glorious page in the history of our country, and the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound.
According to historical records? According to the chronicle of Qin Shihuang, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it. The grave is full of treasure. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach.
The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; Fish oil is used to light the lights in the tomb, so that it can last forever.
The underground palace of the mausoleum covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known Terracotta Warriors and bronze chariots and horses tombs, there are more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Hundred Terracotta Warriors and Horses pits, civilian Terracotta Warriors and Horses pits and tombs, with more than 6,543,800 funerary objects.
There are 10 gates in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south gates are on the same central axis as the south gate of the inner wall. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery. There are tombs leading to the tombs on three sides, and there are four architectural relics on both sides, which may be part of the sleeping hall building.
The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is divided into inner city and outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3000 meters. There are two doors on the north wall, one on the east, one on the west and one on the south wall. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 2000 meters, and each corner has a house address.
There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery pits between the inner city and the outer city. Outside the mausoleum, there are more than 400 stables, martyrdom pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers, covering an area of more than 50 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed.
At1500m east of the cemetery, three pits were found to bury the Terracotta Warriors. The finished products are arranged in zigzag, covering an area of over 20,000m2. More than 8,000 pottery barrels, 100 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons were unearthed.
The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei's army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards used bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbows as precursors, or rode horses, forming four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding.
Large bronze chariots and horses were found on the west side of the cemetery. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat mode and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty.
Gao Che and Che An, a group of painted bronze chariots and horses, are the largest, most ornate, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China, and are known as the "crown of bronze".
In addition to the tomb pit, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor also found a website of a stone processing factory. Architectural relics include door anvil, column foundation, tile, ridge, tile, stone waterway, ceramic waterway and so on.
The designers of the Qin Mausoleum project not only showed unique foresight in the choice of the cemetery, but also showed great ingenuity in the design of the overall layout of the cemetery.
The whole cemetery consists of two long and narrow rectangular walls in the north and south. An east-west wall was found in the middle of the inner city, which just divided the inner city into north and south parts.
The tall tomb is located in the southern half of the inner city and is the core of the whole cemetery. The ground buildings of the cemetery are concentrated on the north side of the enclosure, and the burial pits of the cemetery are distributed on the east and west sides of the enclosure. An imperial cemetery with reasonable layout and standardized shape centered on underground palaces and tombs has been formed.
The ground buildings of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are mainly distributed between the inner and outer walls on the north side and northwest side of the fence. The main remains on the ground are high mountains.
At that time, the rammed earth wall with a length of 10 km inside and outside was incomplete, leaving only an inner wall. In addition, the magnificent ground buildings were burned by Xiang Yu as early as 2000 years ago, but the ruins of the ground buildings were not completely destroyed.
There are three ground buildings on the north side of the enclosure, and the one near the enclosure is large in scale and exquisite in shape, which seems to be the sleeping hall for cemetery sacrifice.
There are two groups of large-scale buildings in the north of the sleeping hall, which are also sleeping halls. A ground complex was also found between the inner and outer walls in the fertile northwest. According to the three groups of houses cleared so far, it seems to be a palace building.
There are several groups of ground buildings on the north and south sides and west side of the palace building site, and this area seems to be a building complex.
The burial pits and tombs in the cemetery are basically distributed between the inner and outer walls on the west side of the enclosure. 3 1 the burial pit of rare birds and animals is located between the inner and outer walls on the west side of the enclosure.
There is also a large and stable burial pit, 6 1 empty burial pit and an A-type burial tomb, which are also distributed between the inner and outer walls on the west side of the enclosure.
Two burial pits and a grave were found on the east side of the fence. These burial pits and tombs are located in the east of the outer wall.
There is an "A"-shaped tomb in the west next to the Terracotta Warriors. In addition, some burial pits were found near the tombs around the underground palace. The situation of other burial pits is not clear, except for the pit with the same car and the same horse beside the West Tomb Road.
Bronze chariots and horses in the Terracotta Warriors Museum