I. Introduction to Ancient Books
A book that records ancient documents. Shuowen: "Ancient, therefore." So ancient books are also called old books, old books and books. Ancient documents were first found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and stone carvings, and "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" is also called "Yin Ruins Book Deed". As the earliest official books, bamboo slips and silk books were used to record documents. In the second year of Jin Taikang (AD 280), bamboo books such as Ji Qun's Tomb, Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War were unearthed from the Han Tomb in Yinqueshan, Linyi, Shandong 1972, and Qin Law1was unearthed from the Qin Tomb in Yunmeng, Hubei. In the Han dynasty, paper asked the world, so there were handwritten books, written in the Tang Dynasty and engraved in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the regulations of the State Council Ancient Books Group, all books that record ancient documents before the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1) are generally called ancient books. According to the incomplete statistics of ancient book catalogues such as Comprehensive Records of China Series, Comprehensive Records of China Local Records, Stories of Selling Books, Records of Buddhism and Taoism, Popular Novels, Singing Literature and Inscriptions, there are about 654.38+10,000 kinds of ancient books in China.
Second, the types and versions of ancient books.
Rare books: Books are carefully arranged, with fewer mistakes. Song Ouyang Xiu's Complete Works of Ouyang Wenzhong, Collection of Ancient Records and Postscript, Volume 8, Tang Tianjia Temple Monument: "Since Tiansheng, scholars have read more Korean, but the collection has been incorrect, and the rest of the books have been changed repeatedly, and the number is rare." In addition, precious and rare old woodblock printing, refined manuscripts, refined proofreading books, manuscripts, old rubbings, etc. Often referred to as "rare replicas".
Orphan: A book with only one copy. A book, a book, a block-printed manuscript, an old rubbings of inscriptions, all of which have only one spread in the world, can be called orphans.
Blueprint: refers to writing or publishing old versions of books. Julius: "Today's compilation of unified records seems to be based on the old." Any reprint or collation must be based on the best books.
Engraving: also known as "copying" and "printing plate", books printed with engraving. China's book block printing began in Sui and Tang Dynasties and flourished in Song Dynasty. According to the different engraving conditions and engraving types, it can be divided into different types: according to the times, there are Song, Jin, Liao, Yuan, Ming and Qing editions; In terms of regional differences, there are woodcuts in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan and other places; There are official engravings, private engravings, square engravings and so on. In terms of format, there are nine-line, ten-line, eighteen-character books, four-column books, left and right double-column books, bamboo-column books, white-mouth books, black-mouth books, two-paragraph books, pocket books, towel box books and so on. According to the font, there are large printing plate, small printing plate, Songti printing plate, soft printing plate (also called writing seal script plate), seal script plate, Sanskrit version, Manchu version, Manchu-Chinese joint engraving plate and so on. According to the color of ink, there are ink printing, multi-color overprint and so on. According to the difference of paper, there are leather paper, hemp paper, cotton paper, bamboo paper, open paper (also known as peach paper), rice paper, wool paper, wool paper, ribbed paper, historical paper and so on. According to the binding shape, there are folding (also called Van Gogh folder) books, whirlwind books, butterfly books, Bao Beizhuang books, thread-bound books, wool books, gold-inlaid jade books and so on. There are original engraving, duplicate engraving, imitation engraving, initial printing and post-printing. According to the different contents and values, there are full edition, residual edition, revised edition, abridged edition, duplicate edition, simplified edition, annotated edition, single sparse edition, consolidated edition, emphasizing the meaning of words, compiling drawings and mutual notes, and Xiu Xiang edition.
Zuben: The original printed copy of a book. A book is often engraved with a variety of books in different periods, and it is inevitable that there are mistakes, while the ancestral books remain the same, so people pay attention to them.
Original book: a book written or carved for the first time. Used for updating, modifying, engraving and revising. There are many differences between the original manuscript and the original engraving and updated reprint manuscript. It can be used to check the development process of a work.
Final edition: The final edition of a book. Refers to the books written or sorted by oneself, sorted out in a certain period of time, and finally determined and ready to be published.
Copy: A copy of the same book. For the original. In the past, public and private book collectors got a rare book, rewritten it according to the sample and stored it as a copy. Records of Sui Shu's Classics: "Emperor Yang ascended the throne, with three secretaries, limited to 50 copies."